Sentences with phrase «ionization of»

In addition, the level of ionization of the atmosphere has been proposed as an important mechanism that can modulate the low cloud cover formation (Tinsley, 2008; Kirkby, 2007; Svensmark et al., 2009).

Fewer cosmic rays reaching the Earth imply a weaker ionization of the upper atmosphere.

Empirical associations between solar - modulated cosmic ray ionization of the atmosphere and globally averaged low - level cloud cover remain ambiguous.

In the early 1970s Jacob Stangler created an instrument to detect subterranean gamma radiation and measure the ionization of particles from underground water courses.

Also of note is this answer on the physics stack exchange which says that the blue color of air sparks comes from ionization of nitrogen atoms.

This UV leakage should be sufficient to fully ionize Helium in the diffuse ionized gas, but instead, the fractional ionization of He appears to be relatively low, in the range of 10 - 20 %.

Gradually, energetic radiation emitted by the first sources caused local heating, and then ionization of the hydrogen in the Universe.

[12] In the 1920s, the Bengali physicist Meghnad Saha derived a theory of ionization by extending well - known ideas in physical chemistry pertaining to the dissociation of molecules to the ionization of atoms.

SDSS Collaboration Larger illustration Spectra of J1030 and another remote quasar displayed unexpectedly strong lines of heavier elements, i.e., carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and silicon (more on the «Gunn - Peterson trough» and the ionization of neutral hydrogen).

The ionization of neutral CO2 and O produces CO2 + and O + ions.

Galaxies, stars and other objects heated up hydrogen to cause the ionization of the gas.

During solar flares, variation in the solar flux in the spectral range extending from the UV to the X-ray wavelengths can have a direct effect on the ionization of the atmospheres of planetary bodies as well as on their heating and dimensions (for details see Schunk & Nagy 2009).

Left side: 2D electron momentum map of argon clusters with an average size of 3500 atoms showing a pronounced central distribution attributed to the ionization of Rydberg atoms with the detector field.

The technology developed by Bernhardt and her colleagues is also interesting for the development of new, faster computer chips in which the ionization of silicon plays a significant role.

It examines the development of a new method that enables scientists to «extract» structural information from spectra of photoelectron scattering in tunneling ionization of an atom or molecule.

It consists of electron transfer to the originally ionized Ne atom matched by energy transfer away from the Ne, which leads to ionization of the second Kr atom nearby.

In fact, HERA should be able to see the ionization of the hydrogen gas caused by some of the individual galaxies in the early universe, Hewitt said.

Not exact matches

Spatially resolved density and ionization measurements of shocked foams using x-ray fluorescence

Mapping the ionization state of laser - irradiated Ar gas jets with multiwavelength monochromatic x-ray imaging

and masses of material to exist to be in the big bang; masses comprised to atoms and neutrons and protrons and «laws» related to ions and ionization,... and life..

Since then, the Steady State Theory has been disproven, and the Big Bang Theory has been shown to be correct, vindicating a form of «Creationism», which not only explains «let there be light» (the early universe was dominated by radiation — light), but explains of separation of light and darkness — the decoupling era, about 300,000 earth years after the big bang, when the universe cooled below the ionization energy of hydrogen, allowing it to become transparent for the first time.

Identification of the Species of Origin for Meat Products by Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry.

Deuterium enrichment profile of Golden Rice β - carotene analyzed by liquid chromatography / atmospheric pressure chemical ionization - mass spectrometry (positive ion mode).

For Golden Rice β - carotene, analysis of serum samples by liquid chromatography / atmospheric pressure chemical ionization - mass spectrometry (23) showed that the labeled β - carotene was absorbed intact after consumption of the cooked Golden Rice.

With this labeling method, the intrinsically labeled Golden Rice β - carotene showed a protonated molecule of m / z of Mβc + H + = 536 + 1 (representing unlabeled β - carotene) and a range of isotopomers with the most abundant showing an enrichment of 9 deuterium at Menrich - βc = Mβc + H + + 9 mass units (Figure 4) as analyzed by using the liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry with a positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface (the total m / z was Mβc + 9 + H + = 536 + 9 + 1 = m / z 546)(23).

BEST: Install two types of working smoke alarms in your home: ionization and photoelectric alarms.

The Gideon Air Purifier uses a combination of air ionization and ultraviolet light to kill 98 % of airborne bacteria and viruses.

Zoltán Takáts, R. Graham Cooks, and colleagues at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, describe the new method, dubbed desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), in the 15 October issue of Science.

Experience the joy of clean air thanks to the ultraviolet and ionization technology that has become a hallmark of Gideon purifier products.

That approach — known as electrospray ionization — ionizes large molecules by dissolving them in a solvent and using an intense electric field to pull tiny charged droplets of solution from the end of a needle.

The outcomes of a number of different chemical reactions, such as ionization vs. dissociation of diatomic sodium, have employed this method.

«I worked out how much scattering and straggling would occur, and realized that much of the ionization would be deposited in a volume at the end of a narrow beam not much larger than the eraser on a pencil — and with very little exposure of the skin at the point of entry,» Wilson recalled in a draft for a speech.

The metals are one of the three groups of elements as distinguished by their ionization and bonding properties, along with the metalloids and nonmetals.

Whereas the photons used in conventional radiation therapy produced a kind of fog of small clumps of ionization, protons — 2,000 times heavier — left a dense and distinct line of ionization.

It would have to be a process that magnified the tiny effect of the atomic particle itself, as the condensation of droplets in supersaturated vapor magnifies the ionization produced by a particle in a cloud chamber.

«Ionization» refers to the removal of an electron from an atom; the «re» is there because the protons and neutrons were in an uncoupled state even earlier in the universe's history.

The amount of ionization you see seems to depend on how far you are from being directly in the moon's shadow.

If the individual particles do not carry this amount of energy, it is essentially impossible for even a large flood of particles to cause ionization.

Previous experiments during eclipses have shown that the degree of ionization doesn't simply die down and then ramp back up again, as you might expect.

The method used to measure the neutral clusters utilizes a combination of a mass spectrometer and a chemical ionization source, which was developed by the University of Frankfurt and the University of Helsinki.

They found that the two factors qualifying a material as a good catalyst are its hydrogen adsorption energy and the Lewis pair's hardness — a measurement of the difference between its ionization potential and electron affinity.

In the case of interaction of strong laser fields with atoms the dualism finds its analogue in the intuitive pictures used to explain ionization and excitation: The multiphoton picture and the tunneling picture.

This, in turn, means that the universe's diffuse background of ultraviolet radiation plays a smaller role in the ionization process.

But calculations of the amount of ionized hydrogen in intergalactic space depend on the ionization rate for the background radiation, and a lower ionization rate would mean less ionized hydrogen.

Cosmic rays, such as iron and titanium atoms, heavily damage the cells they traverse because of their very high rates of ionization.

The Slooh live stream will begin on Monday, Nov. 17 at 8:00 p.m. EST (0100 GMT Tuesday) and will include more than just shots of the sky: Slooh will also broadcast audio of the «ionization sounds» created by the meteors.

The tool, known as DESI mass spectrometry imaging (or Desorption ElectroSpray Ionization mass spectrometry imaging), works by turning molecules into electrically charged versions of themselves, called ions, so that they can be identified by their mass.

This past data proved that the ionization rate was already high in that era, without any sign of intergalactic neutral hydrogen.

Solar activity usually tends to increase the rate of ionization in the atmosphere and thus the density of free electrons in the ionosphere or to move electrons to the polar caps.

«Ionization mechanisms of captive atoms struck by light matter: Physicists elucidate the effects of light rays falling onto hydrogen atoms trapped in a carbon atom cage.»