Yet, that article is also rich with instances of science both policing itself, which is how the problems came to The Economist's attention in the first place, and addressing discovered lapses and
irreproducibility concerns.
That failure comes with a hefty annual price tag: about $ 28.2 billion, concludes a review of data
on irreproducibility published in the June 9 PLOS Biology.
• One of the most provocative and potentially important science issues in recent years is the
apparent irreproducibility of scientific studies.
«Attempting to estimate the robustness of a published research finding is notoriously difficult,» said Marcus Munafò, a biological psychologist at the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom, a key figure in
tackling irreproducibility.
She believes that «there is no reason to believe that the politically charged arena of climate science is exempt from» the problems found in other scientific research, «or that it doesn't share the alarming rates of
irreproducibility observed in medicine, economics and psychology.»
The chief cause
of irreproducibility may be that scientists, whether wittingly or not, are fishing fake statistical significance out of noisy data.
In 2015 several research groups examining the issue reported on the magnitude of
the irreproducibility problem.
Rare instances of misconduct or instances of
irreproducibility are translated into concerns that science is broken.
But no scientific discipline is immune from this «
irreproducibility» problem.
«This is a time to invest more, not less, with a relatively small part of that investment to improve
the irreproducibility rate,» says biologist Leonard Freedman, lead author of the paper and president of the nonprofit Global Biological Standards Institute in Washington, D.C.
A deeper issue is that
the irreproducibility crisis has remained largely invisible to the general public and policy makers.
The Reproducibility Initiative: a potential solution to
the irreproducibility problem Presenter: Elizabeth Iorns, Science Exchange, USA
The RIPOSTE (Reducing
IrreProducibility in labOratory STudiEs) framework was established to support the dialogue between scientists and statisticians in order to improve the design, conduct and analysis of laboratory studies in biomedical sciences in order to reduce irreproducibility (Masca et al., 2015).
A significant and intriguing fact about Shadows is
the irreproducibility of its assumed reproduction, a point that problematizes his aesthetic of «plagiarism» and positions Warhol's project as one that is primordially pictorial.