When
island fox populations on the northern islands plummeted to the edge of extinction in 1999, Channel Islands National Park and the Nature Conservancy established captive breeding facilities on San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Islands «as insurance against the loss of foxes from golden eagle predation.»
Island deer mice are known to eat songbird eggs, and possibly chicks, when given the opportunity, (like
when island fox populations were very low).
The divergence estimate of 2300 years ago for all northern island lineages may be evidence of a severe bottleneck that either happened before 2300 years ago and resulted in the reduction of ancient mtDNA lineages, or an indication that
northern island fox populations were panmictic due to human intervention before 2300 years ago.
The recovery effort also included monitoring
wild island fox populations and reestablishing bald eagles to their historic territories on the Channel Islands.
We use morphometrics, allozyme electrophoresis, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction - site analysis, and analysis of hypervariable minisatellite DNA to measure variability within and distances
among island fox populations.
The ability to quickly find injured or deceased island foxes helps biologists identify threats to other island foxes and allows everyone to act quickly to protect
entire island fox populations.
Biologist Tim Coonan from Channel Islands National Park believes that the San
Miguel Island fox population may have recovered to its pre-decline levels.
Eliminating the Major Cause for Decline While the threat of critically
low island fox population size could conceivably be improved through captive breeding and reintroduction, such efforts would be futile unless the threat from golden eagles was eliminated.
Since 2002, captive breeding on Santa Cruz has produced over 85 fox pups and the overall Santa
Cruz Island fox population has increased to approximately 300.
Furthermore, the fox populations on San Nicolas and San Clemente islands did not undergo as severe population crashes as the
other island fox populations experienced.
This practice has since been stopped, but the disruption this caused to reproduction and social systems is believed to have significantly affected the San
Clemente Island fox population and contributed to its current Critically Endangered status (13).
In the late 1990s,
endemic island fox populations on San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina islands — four of the six Channel Islands they inhabit — plummeted by over 90 percent to catastrophic levels.
The two species are in competition for resources and the Island Skunk's diet became more omnivorous in the 1990s due to a decrease
in Island Fox populations.
Island fox populations on all three islands were naturally small and had historically fluctuated, but as far as was known had never been as low as they were during this period and had never come close to extinction.
But new research published online March 17 in Molecular Ecology uncovers a hidden danger to the future viability of
some island fox populations.
It looks at the ecological impact on the islands when
the island fox population was crashing and the role that public education plays in conservation efforts.
The book provides a scholarly account of island fox biology, the crisis that caused
the island fox population to plummet on four separate islands and the actions that were taken to save this rare species from extinction.
Similar declines occurred simultaneously in
the island fox populations on neighboring Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Islands Fox mortality rates due to predation were so high that by 1999 the San Miguel and Santa Rosa fox subspecies were nearing extinction; on each of those islands total abundance had declined from approximately 450 and 1,500, respectively, to 15.
For their own protection, these precious new additions to
the island fox populations will need radio collars.
The island fox population has been negatively affected by trapping and removal or euthanasia of foxes by the United States Navy.
The golden eagle then began to prey on
the island fox population.
Meanwhile, several captive - breeding programs were established to boost
the island fox populations.