«Research on both
inequality across schools and tracking within schools has suggested that students in more affluent schools and top tracks are given the
kind of problem - solving education that befits the future managerial
class, whereas students in lower tracks and higher - poverty schools are given the
kind of rule - following tasks that mirror much
of factory and other working -
class work.»
In Japan, a system
of lifetime employment in many big businesses, a tradition
of employer provided benefits such as housing in many cases, and a wage system in those
kinds of businesses where workers receive a substantial share
of their annual income in the form
of an annual bonus whose size can be used to buffer good and bad years for a company sharing risks and rewards with workers instead
of limiting the risks and rewards to an investor
class, have contributed to low levels
of income
inequality in the Japanese economy relative to comparably developed countries with comparable levels
of government spending on welfare state type programs in other countries.