"King penguins" refers to a type of penguin, specifically the second largest species of penguin. They have a distinct appearance with colorful feathers and a tall posture, resembling a king in some ways.
Full definition
Penguin species found here include large numbers
of king penguins on South Georgia especially, as well as chinstrap penguin, macaroni penguin, gentoo penguin, Adelie penguin, and rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome).
PERSONAL SPACE Positions of
king penguins in a breeding colony resemble molecules in a 2 - D liquid, a new study finds.
Commenting on the study, Dr Norman Ratcliffe from the British Antarctic Survey confirmed that shifts in the APF were a very important factor
for king penguins.
He and his colleagues chose a colony of
king penguins on Possession Island, a 150 - square - kilometer patch of land roughly 1000 kilometers from Antarctica.
I was intrigued to learn that the body temperature of
king penguin chicks falls when they are fed cold meals...
«For the time - being we know
king penguin populations are still increasing across their range, probably due to them recovering from hunting pressure during the sealing era.
Must - see attractions include the Penguin Parade featuring the gregarious gentoo and the regal
king penguins as well as the free Hilltop Safari rides, which provide an information - filled introduction to the entire facility.
Most king penguins living in the Southern Ocean will need to relocate by the end of the century if nothing is done to tackle climate change, BBC News reports.
«There are still some islands further south
where King penguins may retreat,» notes Céline Le Bohec (IPHC / CNRS / University of Strasbourg and CSM), leader of the programme 137 of the French Polar Institut Paul - Emile Victor within which the study was initiated, «but the competition for breeding sites and for food will be harsh, especially with the other penguin species like the Chinstrap, Gentoo or Adélie penguins, even without the fisheries.
Writing in Nature Climate Change, the researchers say that with immediate action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, most existing
king penguin colonies could still survive.
And
while king penguins lose lots of muscle during their fasts on land, they seem to be able to get fit very quickly once they return to sea to fish.
Day 11 — We took a 12 minute flight from Punta Arenas across the Straits of Magellan to visit Useless Bay to see king penguins
Get more info on South Georgia: Wanderlust's travel guide How to get up close and personal
with king penguins and elephant seals
Adult king penguins sometimes fast for up to a month at a time when protecting their eggs, but they compensate by packing on several pounds of fat in advance.
At North Pond, Gentoo and Magellanic penguins make their homes here;
king penguins often visit as well.
Aerial photos of two
king penguin breeding colonies show that individuals and couples keep their distance from neighbors but still stay together as a group.
Yet, due to climate change, this area is drifting south, away from the islands where most
King penguins currently live.
«In other words,
King penguins seem to be able to move around quite a lot to find the safest breeding locations when things turn grim.»
This study predicts that, for most colonies, the length of the parents» trips to get food will soon exceed the resistance to starvation of their offspring, leading to
massive King penguin crashes in population size, or, hopefully, relocation.
In 2014 reports of an Antarctic fur seal
coercing king penguins into sexual relations made headlines worldwide, as it was the first time that such behavior between unrelated species was documented.
Researchers captured 10 adult
male king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) from a colony in the Crozet Archipelago between Madagascar and Antarctica, intentionally choosing males with high body mass.
The issue is that the APF is heading poleward, and if global temperatures continue to rise as expected, the front is likely eventually to move out of the range of many
foraging king penguins, the research suggests.
Finally, there's the extremes of the sub-Antarctic on Macquarie Island, with huge colonies of
colourful king penguins and enormous elephant seals.As
A documentary following a
young king penguin as he sets out to find a mate, settle down, raise a chick and survive in the Antarctic.
On this delightful expedition exploring this seldom - visited corner of the planet, encounter South Georgia's wildlife including fur seals, elephant seals, and massive colonies of the
colorful king penguins.
The authors also tested the rover with a colony of southern elephant seals and a group of
king penguins who also showed no signs of stress.
When an ecosystem changes, those creatures most precisely adapted become the most vulnerable — and that is bad news
for king penguins.
Shivesh R: «Stunning peaks & thousands of
King Penguins on South Georgia in soft early sunrise.
Royal penguins and Macquarie shags are endemic breeders,
while king penguins, southern rockhopper penguins and gentoo penguins also breed here in large numbers.
Ecological niche modelling of
king penguins in the Southern Ocean, validated with population genomics and palaeodemography data, is used to reconstruct past range shifts and identify future vulnerable areas and potential refugia under climate change.
Then, using an accelerometer that records motion around three axes, they studied the gaits of a group of 10
king penguins as they walked on an enclosed treadmill at 1.4 km / hr (as seen in the video above, which the scientists captured for a different study of penguin locomotion but demonstrates the experimental setup).
«There are still some islands further south
where king penguins may retreat but the competition for breeding sites and for food will be harsh, especially with the other penguin species like the chinstrap, gentoo or Adélie penguins, even without the fisheries,» said his co-author Céline Le Bohec, also of the University of Strasbourg.
They will use helicopters to buzz some of the 400,000 pairs
of king penguins on the 170 - km - long island of South Georgia, with five daily overflights every other day for 9 days at altitudes ranging from 500 to 2000 meters.
By 2100 they will be beyond the reach of 70 % of
king penguins, meaning these birds will need to rapidly colonize new islands or their population will decline.
Coming in at up to 10 kilograms,
the king penguin chicks are enormous by comparison.
Unlike some penguin species,
king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) don't make a nest — they cradle their eggs on top of their feet.
King penguins are forced together by lack of space on the small South Atlantic islands that the birds primarily inhabit, while also being pushed apart by their territorial tendency to peck one another.
«
King penguins may be on the move very soon.»
Using the information hidden away in the penguin's genome, the research team has reconstructed the changes in the worldwide
King penguin population throughout the last 50,000 years, and discovered that past climatic changes, causing shifts in marine currents, sea - ice distribution and Antarctic Polar Front location, have always been linked to critical episodes for the King penguins.
However, hope is not lost yet:
King penguins have already survived such crises several times (the last time was 20 thousand years ago), and they may be particularly good at it.
King penguins are in fact picky animals: in order to form a colony where they can mate, lay eggs and rear chicks over a year, they need tolerable temperature all year round, no winter sea ice around the island, and smooth beach of sand or pebbles.
Once they hit the water, they outperform all other aquatic birds:
King penguins, for example, can dive more than 300 meters and stay submerged for as long as 7 minutes.
Similarly, the BBC recently reported an incident in which an Antarctic fur seal sexually assaulted
a king penguin.
By analysing the genetics of the birds, the scientists can see
that king penguins have suffered population crashes in the past, most notably about 20,000 years ago when colder conditions extended the sea - ice much further to the north than it is today.
«Our work shows that almost 70 % of
king penguins - about 1.1 million breeding pairs - will have to relocate or disappear before the end of the century because of greenhouse gas emissions,» said Dr Céline Le Bohec from the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and the University of Strasbourg.