Sentences with phrase «l allele»

It remains unclear why there exists genetic selection for S relative to L allele carriers in East Asian regions, but not other geographical regions of the world.

Individuals carrying the S allele of the 5 - HTTLPR produce significantly less 5 - HTT mRNA and protein, resulting in higher concentrations of serotonin in the synaptic cleft relative to individuals carrying the L allele (Lesch et al. 1996).

Recent behavioural evidence indicates that individuals carrying the S allele exhibit stronger attentional bias for negative words (Beevers et al. 2007) and pictures (Osinsky et al. 2008), whereas individuals carrying the L allele demonstrate a stronger attentional bias towards positive pictures and away from negative pictures (Fox et al. 2009).

By extension, S allele carriers may be more likely to demonstrate negative cognitive biases, such as engage in narrow thinking and cognitive focus, which facilitate maintenance to collectivistic cultural norms of social conformity and interdependence, whereas L allele carriers may exhibit positive cognitive biases, such as open, creative thinking and greater willingness to take risks, which promote individualistic cultural norms of self - expression and autonomy (Isen et al. 1987; Fredrickson 2001).

Extending this logic to the current findings, we speculate that S and L allele carriers of the serotonin transporter gene may possess at least two kinds of information processing biases in the mind and brain that enhance their ability to store and transmit collectivistic and individualistic cultural norms, respectively.

Forty - two percent of the sample was homozygous for the l allele, 41 % were heterozygous (s / l), and 17 % were homozygous for the s allele.

However, for infants reared under more stressful conditions (e.g., peer - reared), compared with those homozygous for the l allele, infants with the s allele show increased emotional distress, elevated hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis response to stress, and reduced basal serotonergic functioning (20 — 22).

The s allele of 5 - HTTLPR contains an attenuated promoter segment and is associated with reduced transcription and functional capacity of the serotonin transporter relative to the l allele (18, 19).

Hu et al. (16) have recently shown that a significant fraction of 10 — 25 % (depending on ethnicity) of L alleles in the 5 - HTTLPR are in fact low - expressing due to contributions from an interacting SNP, rs25531.

Our data and the work by Hu et al. (16) demonstrate that the classic attribution of S and L alleles as low - and high - expressing, respectively, can no longer be viewed as valid without appreciation of the modulating effects of rs25531 and rs25532.

Not exact matches

The study found that among those at low risk for depression, the «S» (short) allele is associated with a thinner cortex than those with the «L» (long) allele.

«It could be that those with the «L» allele or genetic variation can better adapt to their environment.

Here, using an inducible Cre, nuclear LacZ reporter allele knocked into the Prom1 locus (Prom1 (C - L)-RRB-, we show that Prom1 is expressed in a variety of developing and adult tissues.

Lineage - tracing studies of adult Prom1 (+ / C - L) mice containing the Rosa26 - YFP reporter allele showed that Prom1 (+) cells are located at the base of crypts in the small intestine, co-express Lgr5 (ref.

Activation of endogenous Wnt signalling in Prom1 (+ / C - L) mice containing a Cre - dependent mutant allele of beta - catenin (Ctnnb1 (lox (ex3)-RRB--RRB- resulted in a gross disruption of crypt architecture and a disproportionate expansion of Prom1 (+) cells at the crypt base.

Because it is a recessive mutation, a dog must have two copies of the recessive long - hair allele (l / l) to express that gene and cause the dog to have long hair.

There are two common functionally different alleles at the 5 - HTTLPR site, the short (s) allele and the long (l) allele.

Although there was no increase in depression associated with less frequent contact for children with the l / l genotype, maltreated children with at least one s allele that had semiannual or less frequent contact with their primary support had a 33 % increase in depression scores compared with maltreated children with the same genotypes that had more regular contact with their primary support.

The L and S alleles influence 5 - HTT transcription activity, 19 with the S allele conveying reduced transcription, lower transporter levels, and diminished serotonin uptake.

For infants homozygous for the «long» allele (l / l), there was no association between maternal responsiveness and attachment security or disorganisation.

The serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) contains a polymorphic region, known as 5 - HTTLPR, comprising a short (S) allele and a long (L) allele version that results in differential 5 - HTT expression and function (Lesch et al. 1996; Hariri 2009).

Insecurely attached children with a «short» 5 - HTTLPR allele (s / s and s / l) developed poor regulatory capacities, but those who were securely attached did not show a deficit compared to children who were homozygous for the «long» allele (l / l).

Adults who had been categorized as behaviorally inhibited at the age of 2 years exhibited a higher amygdala activation in response to unknown vs familiar faces16 compared with adults who were uninhibited as children, consistent with the notion that novel or ambiguous environmental stimuli of potential biological relevance activate the amygdala.17 Turning to genes that can influence the neurobiological bases of the processing of emotions, 2 common alleles, the short (S) and the long (L), in a variable repeat sequence of the serotonin transporter (5 - HTT) promoter polymorphism (5 - HTTLPR) on human chromosome 17q11 have been differently associated with greater amygdala activity in response to angry or fearful faces18 in healthy adults.

That is, a current stressful environment confers enhanced risk for depression among those homozygous for the s allele, but a current supportive environment confers less risk for depression than is true of people who are s / l or l / l.

We found that levels of physical aggression were significantly higher in men who had experienced traumatic events during the first 15 years of life and who carried the low expression allele (MAOA - L).

The genotypes were defined as either short (S), with 2 or 3 copies of MAOA - uVNTR; S (boys) / SS (girls), long (L), with 3.5, 4, or 5 (Deckert et al., 1999) copies of MAOA - uVNTR L (boys) / LL (girls), or LS for girls if heterozygous for a long and a short allele.

Other studies identify associations between an interaction of the long, high - activity allele (MAOA - uVNTR - L) and childhood adversity and antisocial behavior among females (Sjoberg et al., 2007; Aslund et al., 2011), and aggressive behavior (Manuck et al., 2000; Beitchman et al., 2004) and violent crime (Tikkanen et al., 2009) among males.