The observed patterns of warming, including greater warming over
land than over the ocean, and their changes over time, are only simulated by models that include anthropogenic forcing.
Warming, particularly since the 1970s, has generally been greater over
land than over the oceans.
Now if you look at K et al's response incorporating estimated factors from GISS, you see better agreement between HadCRU (amplified) and sats over
land than over ocean (and of course globally).
Credit: NASA] The study notes that the world's warming is greatest at high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, and it is larger over
land than over ocean areas.
Once Jones, Wigley, and Wright had made several of these kinds of corrections, they analyzed their data using a spatial averaging technique that placed measurements within grid cells on the earth?s surface in order to account for the fact that there were many more measurements taken on
land than over the oceans.
As a projected global warming will be more rapid over
land than over the oceans, the continental - scale land - sea thermal contrast will become larger in summer and smaller in winter.
Some examples from energy balance model calculations indicate that: (1) solar variability has a near - global response, with the amplitude of response slightly larger over land; (2) volcanism has a proportionately larger amplitude of response over
land than over ocean; and (3) the most oft - cited mode of internal variability, changes in the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation, has a hemispheric asymmetry in response.
«A well - known feature of global warming scenarios is the land — sea contrast, with stronger warming over
land than over oceans.
Interannual variability of surface temperature is larger in the winter hemisphere than in the summer and larger over
land than over ocean (Fig. 2).
Further affirmation of the reality of the warming is its spatial distribution, which has largest values at locations remote from any local human influence, with a global pattern consistent with that expected for response to global climate forcings (larger in the Northern Hemisphere than the Southern Hemisphere, larger at high latitudes than low latitudes, larger over
land than over ocean).
Warming, particularly since the 1970s, has generally been greater over
land than over the oceans.
Not exact matches
«The footprint of industrial fishing in the
ocean is
over four times larger
than the
land area occupied by agriculture.»
They include higher sea surface temperatures
over the Indian
Ocean, which can lead to greater rainfall
over the sea rather
than on
land.
A glaciologist rather
than a biologist, he wanted to investigate a question critical to climate change: Do subglacial rivers and lakes lubricate the movement of ice
over land — and might they somehow accelerate a glacier's flow into the
ocean, triggering rapid sea level rise?
-- ice a few feet or yards thick, floating
over a deep
ocean; ice more
than a mile thick,
over land; or a mainly rocky, mountainous landscape.
Because the vast plateau at such altitudes absorbs a huge amount of solar radiation, the atmospheric layer above it in summer is much warmer
than air at similar elevations
over lower
land or the
oceans.
The effect was easier to see
over water
than land because, in general, the atmosphere above the
oceans is relatively low in aerosols — tiny liquid or solid particles that float in the air.
However, for the globe as a whole, surface air temperatures
over land have risen at about double the
ocean rate after 1979 (more
than 0.27 °C per decade vs. 0.13 °C per decade), with the greatest warming during winter (December to February) and spring (March to May) in the Northern Hemisphere.
After
over three billion years of evolution in the
oceans, multi-cellular life — beginning with green algae, fungi, and plants (liverworts, mosses, ferns, then vascular and flowering plants)-- began adapting to
land habitats by creating a new «hypersea,» and adding anomalous shades of green to Earth's coloration more
than 472 million years ago (Matt Walker, BBC News, October 12, 2010; and Qiu et al, 1998 — more on the evolution of photosynthetic life and plants on Earth).
The observed fact that temperatures increases slower
over the
oceans than over land demonstrates that the large heat capacity of the
ocean tries to hold back the warming of the air
over the
ocean and produces a delay at the surface but nevertheless the atmosphere responds quit rapidly to increasing greenhouse gases.
The former is likely to overestimate the true global SAT trend (since the
oceans do not warm as fast as the
land), while the latter may underestimate the true trend, since the SAT
over the
ocean is predicted to rise at a slightly higher rate
than the SST.
The
ocean has a much higher heat capacity
than land and thus anomalies tend to vary less
over monthly timescales.
The former is likely to overestimate the true global surface air temperature trend (since the
oceans do not warm as fast as the
land), while the latter may underestimate the true trend, since the air temperature
over the
ocean is predicted to rise at a slightly higher rate
than the
ocean temperature.
The abstract includes the statement: «Evidence is presented that the recent worldwide
land warming has occurred largely in response to a worldwide warming of the
oceans rather
than as a direct response to increasing greenhouse gases (GHGs)
over land.»
Chris Colose @ 39 — Thanks as always, but I am baffled by your The larger thermal inertia of the
ocean is important, but the higher sensitivity
over land than in the
ocean is also seen in equilibrium simulations when the
ocean has had time to «catch up,» so that argument doesn't hold as equilibrium is approached.
Sept 24 Awoke in G -
Land this morning to a very solid rumble, a quick walk down the front revealed 8 - 10ft walls of power grinding their way along the whole bay.At times some sets were quite a lot bigger
than that, pretty awesome sight to see.An angry
ocean probably being a good description with huge amounts of water sweeping down the line.Later in the afternoon a few ventured out to sample some juice.Some nice waves but most were unridden, some of the regular visitors
over the years had the better wave selection and skillfully ridden.But still pretty wild.
«Somewhat counter-intuitively, a
land — sea surface warming ratio greater
than unity during transient climate change is actually not mainly a result of the differing thermal inertias of
land and
ocean, but primarily originates in the differing properties of the surface and boundary layer (henceforth BL)
over land and
ocean (Manabe et al. 1991; Sutton et al. 2007; Joshi et al. 2008 (henceforth JGW08), Dong et al. 2009) as well as differing cloud feedbacks (Fasullo 2010; Andrews et al. 2010).»
In the supplementary, Benestad (2018) exhibits data that shows precip area
over ocean declining much more
than over land.
And given the fact that
land warms more quickly
than ocean, resulting in areas of low pressure
over land, changing patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation are bringing them to the coasts — where so much life's diversity is found.
In terms of the gold that a climate science denier might find in the paper, at the very least, they could argue that the fact that the troposphere isn't warming more quickly
than the surface shows that the climate models are unreliable — even though the models predict just the pattern of warming that we see — with the troposphere warming more quickly
than the surface
over the
ocean but less quickly
than the surface
over land.
Owing to long - range aerosol transport, higher cloud frequency and susceptibility, the cooling
over ocean is stronger
than over land, resulting in an
ocean - to -
land ratio of 1.3.
Even at equilibrium though the
land response to increased GHGs is expected to be higher
than over the
ocean.
The former is likely to overestimate the true global surface air temperature trend (since the
oceans do not warm as fast as the
land), while the latter may underestimate the true trend, since the air temperature
over the
ocean is predicted to rise at a slightly higher rate
than the
ocean temperature.
The former is likely to overestimate the true global SAT trend (since the
oceans do not warm as fast as the
land), while the latter may underestimate the true trend, since the SAT
over the
ocean is predicted to rise at a slightly higher rate
than the SST.
However,
over land, where there is not very much moist convection, which is not dominated by the tropics and where one expects surface trends to be greater
than for the
oceans, there was no amplification at all!
In response to increased trace gases, all replicated the qualitative response seen in other coupled
ocean - atmosphere models: greater warming
over land than ocean and maximum warming at high northern latitudes in winter.
Longer records now available show significantly faster rates of warming
over land than ocean in the past two decades (about 0.27 °C vs. 0.13 °C per decade).
Verify using data collected only
over the 1/3 of the planet that is covered with
land strikes me as odd, particularly because we expect the
land temperatures to rise faster
than ocean temperatures.
Surface temperatures
over land regions have warmed at a faster rate
than over the
oceans in both hemispheres.
And air temperatures
over exposed
land surfaces should warm differently
than air temperatures
over sea ice, especially when open
ocean separates them.
The absolute humidity will be largely set by the
oceans, so water vapor and will increase but relative humidity
over land will largely decrease, resulting in less precipitation
than one would otherwise expect, given Clausius - Clapeyron and a constant residence time.
The amplification is expected to be larger
over oceans than land (or even non-existent
over land), for at least two reasons:
This was the conclusion of a scientific paper I co-authored last year, in which our team found more overall global warming (of the
oceans, air,
land, and ice combined)
over the past 15 years
than during the prior 15 years.
There's less water
over land than ocean so look for more warming
over land than water.
Given the fact the the bulk of the energy in the TOA imbalance is getting stored in the
ocean, yet temperature anomalies
over the
ocean are less
than over the
land, for the above stated reasons, the global combined
land and
ocean (that is, air
over the
ocean) temperature anomalies actually tend to greatly understate to a the actual effects of the anthropogenic caused TOA anomaly.
So perhaps less
than 1 m / s
over ocean and so some number closer to 10 m / s occurs
over smaller the surface area of
land.
lower
than average
over only a few
land and oceanic areas, including the equatorial eastern Pacific
Ocean, where La Niña conditions predominated.
The temperature rise on
land is greater
than in the
oceans, greatly due to the
oceans distribution of heat
over the mixed layer thereby reducing the temperature rise.
Urban heat island effects are real but local, and have a negligible influence (less
than 0.006 °C per decade
over land and zero
over the
oceans) on these values.
The 10,000 - person republic has a
land mass smaller
than the District of Columbia, but its government has jurisdiction
over a large swath of Pacific
Ocean — otherwise known as «blue carbon» for its effectiveness as a carbon capture sink.