Not exact matches
These
large Northern Hemisphere cooling events have previously been linked to a
change in the Atlantic
Ocean circulation that led to a reduced transport of warm water to the high latitudes
in the North.
We know, however, that rapid warming of the planet increases the risk of crossing climatic points of no return, possibly setting
in motion
large - scale
ocean circulation changes, the loss of major ice sheets, and species extinctions.
g (acceleration due to gravity) G (gravitational constant) G star G1.9 +0.3 gabbro Gabor, Dennis (1900 — 1979) Gabriel's Horn Gacrux (Gamma Crucis) gadolinium Gagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich (1934 — 1968) Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center GAIA Gaia Hypothesis galactic anticenter galactic bulge galactic center Galactic Club galactic coordinates galactic disk galactic empire galactic equator galactic habitable zone galactic halo galactic magnetic field galactic noise galactic plane galactic rotation galactose Galatea GALAXIES galaxy galaxy cannibalism galaxy classification galaxy formation galaxy interaction galaxy merger Galaxy, The Galaxy satellite series Gale Crater Galen (c. AD 129 — c. 216) galena GALEX (Galaxy Evolution Explorer) Galilean satellites Galilean telescope Galileo (Galilei, Galileo)(1564 — 1642) Galileo (spacecraft) Galileo Europa Mission (GEM) Galileo satellite navigation system gall gall bladder Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812 — 1910) gallic acid gallium gallon gallstone Galois, Évariste (1811 — 1832) Galois theory Galton, Francis (1822 — 1911) Galvani, Luigi (1737 — 1798) galvanizing galvanometer game game theory GAMES AND PUZZLES gamete gametophyte Gamma (Soviet orbiting telescope) Gamma Cassiopeiae Gamma Cassiopeiae star gamma function gamma globulin gamma rays Gamma Velorum gamma - ray burst gamma - ray satellites Gamow, George (1904 — 1968) ganglion gangrene Ganswindt, Hermann (1856 — 1934) Ganymede «garbage theory», of the origin of life Gardner, Martin (1914 — 2010) Garneau, Marc (1949 ---RRB- garnet Garnet Star (Mu Cephei) Garnet Star Nebula (IC 1396) garnierite Garriott, Owen K. (1930 ---RRB- Garuda gas gas chromatography gas constant gas giant gas laws gas - bounded nebula gaseous nebula gaseous propellant gaseous - propellant rocket engine gasoline Gaspra (minor planet 951) Gassendi, Pierre (1592 — 1655) gastric juice gastrin gastrocnemius gastroenteritis gastrointestinal tract gastropod gastrulation Gatewood, George D. (1940 ---RRB- Gauer - Henry reflex gauge boson gauge theory gauss (unit) Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777 — 1855) Gaussian distribution Gay - Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778 — 1850) GCOM (Global
Change Observing Mission) Geber (c. 720 — 815) gegenschein Geiger, Hans Wilhelm (1882 — 1945) Geiger - Müller counter Giessler tube gel gelatin Gelfond's theorem Gell - Mann, Murray (1929 ---RRB- GEM «gemination,» of martian canals Geminga Gemini (constellation) Gemini Observatory Gemini Project Gemini - Titan II gemstone gene gene expression gene mapping gene pool gene therapy gene transfer General Catalogue of Variable Stars (GCVS) general precession general theory of relativity generation ship generator Genesis (inflatable orbiting module) Genesis (sample return probe) genetic code genetic counseling genetic disorder genetic drift genetic engineering genetic marker genetic material genetic pool genetic recombination genetics GENETICS AND HEREDITY Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Program genome genome, interstellar transmission of genotype gentian violet genus geoboard geode geodesic geodesy geodesy satellites geodetic precession Geographos (minor planet 1620) geography GEOGRAPHY Geo - IK geologic time geology GEOLOGY AND PLANETARY SCIENCE geomagnetic field geomagnetic storm geometric mean geometric sequence geometry GEOMETRY geometry puzzles geophysics GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) Geosat geostationary orbit geosynchronous orbit geosynchronous / geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) geosyncline Geotail (satellite) geotropism germ germ cells Germain, Sophie (1776 — 1831) German Rocket Society germanium germination Gesner, Konrad von (1516 — 1565) gestation Get Off the Earth puzzle Gettier problem geyser g - force GFO (Geosat Follow - On) GFZ - 1 (GeoForschungsZentrum) ghost crater Ghost Head Nebula (NGC 2080) ghost image Ghost of Jupiter (NGC 3242) Giacconi, Riccardo (1931 ---RRB- Giacobini - Zinner, Comet (Comet 21P /) Giaever, Ivar (1929 ---RRB- giant branch Giant Magellan Telescope giant molecular cloud giant planet giant star Giant's Causeway Giauque, William Francis (1895 — 1982) gibberellins Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839 — 1903) Gibbs free energy Gibson, Edward G. (1936 ---RRB- Gilbert, William (1544 — 1603) gilbert (unit) Gilbreath's conjecture gilding gill gill (unit) Gilruth, Robert R. (1913 — 2000) gilsonite gimbal Ginga ginkgo Giotto (ESA Halley probe) GIRD (Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivnovo Dvisheniya) girder glacial drift glacial groove glacier gland Glaser, Donald Arthur (1926 — 2013) Glashow, Sheldon (1932 ---RRB- glass GLAST (Gamma - ray
Large Area Space Telescope) Glauber, Johann Rudolf (1607 — 1670) glaucoma glauconite Glenn, John Herschel, Jr. (1921 ---RRB- Glenn Research Center Glennan, T (homas) Keith (1905 — 1995) glenoid cavity glia glial cell glider Gliese 229B Gliese 581 Gliese 67 (HD 10307, HIP 7918) Gliese 710 (HD 168442, HIP 89825) Gliese 86 Gliese 876 Gliese Catalogue glioma glissette glitch Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics (GAIA) Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Globalstar globe Globigerina globular cluster globular proteins globule globulin globus pallidus GLOMR (Global Low Orbiting Message Relay) GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) glossopharyngeal nerve Gloster E. 28/39 glottis glow - worm glucagon glucocorticoid glucose glucoside gluon Glushko, Valentin Petrovitch (1908 — 1989) glutamic acid glutamine gluten gluteus maximus glycerol glycine glycogen glycol glycolysis glycoprotein glycosidic bond glycosuria glyoxysome GMS (Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellite) GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) Gnathostomata gneiss Go Go, No - go goblet cell GOCE (Gravity field and steady - state
Ocean Circulation Explorer) God Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882 — 1945) Goddard Institute for Space Studies Goddard Space Flight Center Gödel, Kurt (1906 — 1978) Gödel universe Godwin, Francis (1562 — 1633) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) goethite goiter gold Gold, Thomas (1920 — 2004) Goldbach conjecture golden ratio (phi) Goldin, Daniel Saul (1940 ---RRB- gold - leaf electroscope Goldstone Tracking Facility Golgi, Camillo (1844 — 1926) Golgi apparatus Golomb, Solomon W. (1932 — 2016) golygon GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite) gonad gonadotrophin - releasing hormone gonadotrophins Gondwanaland Gonets goniatite goniometer gonorrhea Goodricke, John (1764 — 1786) googol Gordian Knot Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929 — 2017) Gore, John Ellard (1845 — 1910) gorge gorilla Gorizont Gott loop Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902 — 1978) Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824 — 1896) Gould, Stephen Jay (1941 — 2002) Gould Belt gout governor GPS (Global Positioning System) Graaf, Regnier de (1641 — 1673) Graafian follicle GRAB graben GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) graceful graph gradient Graham, Ronald (1935 ---RRB- Graham, Thomas (1805 — 1869) Graham's law of diffusion Graham's number GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) grain (cereal) grain (unit) gram gram - atom Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826 — 1901) gramophone Gram's stain Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) Granat Grand Tour grand unified theory (GUT) Grandfather Paradox Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900 — 1991) granite granulation granule granulocyte graph graph theory graphene graphite GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY graptolite grass grassland gravel graveyard orbit gravimeter gravimetric analysis Gravitational Biology Facility gravitational collapse gravitational constant (G) gravitational instability gravitational lens gravitational life gravitational lock gravitational microlensing GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS gravitational slingshot effect gravitational waves graviton gravity gravity gradient gravity gradient stabilization Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B gravity - assist gray (Gy) gray goo gray matter grazing - incidence telescope Great Annihilator Great Attractor great circle Great Comets Great Hercules Cluster (M13, NGC 6205) Great Monad Great Observatories Great Red Spot Great Rift (in Milky Way) Great Rift Valley Great Square of Pegasus Great Wall greater omentum greatest elongation Green, George (1793 — 1841) Green, Nathaniel E. Green, Thomas Hill (1836 — 1882) green algae Green Bank Green Bank conference (1961) Green Bank Telescope green flash greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Green's theorem Greg, Percy (1836 — 1889) Gregorian calendar Grelling's paradox Griffith, George (1857 — 1906) Griffith Observatory Grignard, François Auguste Victor (1871 — 1935) Grignard reagent grike Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618 — 1663) Grissom, Virgil (1926 — 1967) grit gritstone Groom Lake Groombridge 34 Groombridge Catalogue gross ground, electrical ground state ground - track group group theory GROUPS AND GROUP THEORY growing season growth growth hormone growth hormone - releasing hormone growth plate Grudge, Project Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula (1774 — 1852) Grus (constellation) Grus Quartet (NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599) GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) g - suit G - type asteroid Guericke, Otto von (1602 — 1686) guanine Guiana Space Centre guidance, inertial Guide Star Catalog (GSC) guided missile guided missiles, postwar development Guillaume, Charles Édouard (1861 — 1938) Gulf Stream (ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (H
Ocean Circulation Explorer) God Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882 — 1945) Goddard Institute for Space Studies Goddard Space Flight Center Gödel, Kurt (1906 — 1978) Gödel universe Godwin, Francis (1562 — 1633) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) goethite goiter gold Gold, Thomas (1920 — 2004) Goldbach conjecture golden ratio (phi) Goldin, Daniel Saul (1940 ---RRB- gold - leaf electroscope Goldstone Tracking Facility Golgi, Camillo (1844 — 1926) Golgi apparatus Golomb, Solomon W. (1932 — 2016) golygon GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite) gonad gonadotrophin - releasing hormone gonadotrophins Gondwanaland Gonets goniatite goniometer gonorrhea Goodricke, John (1764 — 1786) googol Gordian Knot Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929 — 2017) Gore, John Ellard (1845 — 1910) gorge gorilla Gorizont Gott loop Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902 — 1978) Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824 — 1896) Gould, Stephen Jay (1941 — 2002) Gould Belt gout governor GPS (Global Positioning System) Graaf, Regnier de (1641 — 1673) Graafian follicle GRAB graben GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) graceful graph gradient Graham, Ronald (1935 ---RRB- Graham, Thomas (1805 — 1869) Graham's law of diffusion Graham's number GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) grain (cereal) grain (unit) gram gram - atom Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826 — 1901) gramophone Gram's stain Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) Granat Grand Tour grand unified theory (GUT) Grandfather Paradox Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900 — 1991) granite granulation granule granulocyte graph graph theory graphene graphite GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY graptolite grass grassland gravel graveyard orbit gravimeter gravimetric analysis Gravitational Biology Facility gravitational collapse gravitational constant (G) gravitational instability gravitational lens gravitational life gravitational lock gravitational microlensing GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS gravitational slingshot effect gravitational waves graviton gravity gravity gradient gravity gradient stabilization Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B gravity - assist gray (Gy) gray goo gray matter grazing - incidence telescope Great Annihilator Great Attractor great circle Great Comets Great Hercules Cluster (M13, NGC 6205) Great Monad Great Observatories Great Red Spot Great Rift (
in Milky Way) Great Rift Valley Great Square of Pegasus Great Wall greater omentum greatest elongation Green, George (1793 — 1841) Green, Nathaniel E. Green, Thomas Hill (1836 — 1882) green algae Green Bank Green Bank conference (1961) Green Bank Telescope green flash greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Green's theorem Greg, Percy (1836 — 1889) Gregorian calendar Grelling's paradox Griffith, George (1857 — 1906) Griffith Observatory Grignard, François Auguste Victor (1871 — 1935) Grignard reagent grike Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618 — 1663) Grissom, Virgil (1926 — 1967) grit gritstone Groom Lake Groombridge 34 Groombridge Catalogue gross ground, electrical ground state ground - track group group theory GROUPS AND GROUP THEORY growing season growth growth hormone growth hormone - releasing hormone growth plate Grudge, Project Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula (1774 — 1852) Grus (constellation) Grus Quartet (NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599) GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) g - suit G - type asteroid Guericke, Otto von (1602 — 1686) guanine Guiana Space Centre guidance, inertial Guide Star Catalog (GSC) guided missile guided missiles, postwar development Guillaume, Charles Édouard (1861 — 1938) Gulf Stream (
ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (H
ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (HH215)
Dynamical effects (
changes in the winds and
ocean circulation) can have just as
large an impact, locally as the radiative forcing from greenhouse gases.
«
Changes in ocean circulation have been proposed as a trigger mechanism for the
large coupled climate and carbon cycle perturbations at the Paleocene - Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ca. 55 Ma).
During El Nino events the
ocean circulation changes in such a way as to cause a
large and temporary positive sea surface temperature anomaly
in the tropical Pacific.
eg «These studies provide new insights on the sensitivity and response of meridional
ocean circulation to melt water inputs to the North Atlantic high latitudes (e.g., Bamberg et al., 2010; Irvali et al., 2012; Morley et al., 2011) and their potential role
in amplifying small radiative variations into
large a climate response through dynamic
changes in ocean - atmosphere interactions (e.g., Morely et al., 2011; Irvali et al., 2012; Morley et al., 2014).
The paleoclimate record (8.2 kyr, and earlier «
large lake collapses») shows a dramatic drop
in surface temperatures for a substantial period of time when the
ocean circulation shuts off or
changes, but is that actually what would be expected under these warming conditions?
Thousands of years ago the
circulation of the North Pacific
ocean changed substantially, releasing
large quantities of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, scientists
in Scotland have found.
In attempting to substantiate this internal variability hypothesis, Spencer & Braswell (2011) assumed that the change in top of the atmosphere (TOA) energy flux due to cloud cover changes from 2000 to 2010 was twice as large as the heating of the climate system through ocean circulatio
In attempting to substantiate this internal variability hypothesis, Spencer & Braswell (2011) assumed that the
change in top of the atmosphere (TOA) energy flux due to cloud cover changes from 2000 to 2010 was twice as large as the heating of the climate system through ocean circulatio
in top of the atmosphere (TOA) energy flux due to cloud cover
changes from 2000 to 2010 was twice as
large as the heating of the climate system through
ocean circulation.
The available data are insufficient to say if the
changes in O2 are caused by natural variability or are trends that are likely to persist
in the future, but they do indicate that
large - scale
changes in ocean physics influence natural biogeochemical cycles, and thus the cycles of O2 and CO2 are likely to undergo
changes if
ocean circulation changes persist
in the future.
There are
large decadal fluctuations
in TOA radiative flux that are caused by these decadal
changes in ocean and atmosphere
circulation — i.e. the stadium wave.
Francis, who wasn't involved with either study, is one of the main proponents of an idea that by altering how much heat the
ocean lets out, sea ice melt and Arctic warming can also
change atmospheric
circulation patterns,
in particular by making the jet stream form
larger peaks, or highs, and troughs, or lows.
Energy budgets
change all the time from
large natural variations
in ocean and atmospheric
circulation.
The deep sea has a
large enough heat capacity to absorb all that heat, but just assuming that all the heat can be fed to deep
ocean without
changes in the rest of
circulation is not realistic.
A new study, published
in Journal of Geophysical Research -
Oceans, helps clarify how past and future coastal sea level
changes are related to local winds and
large - scale
ocean circulation.
Spencer & Braswell (2011) assumed that the
change in top of the atmosphere (TOA) energy flux due to cloud cover
changes from 2000 to 2010 was twice as
large as the heating of the climate system through
ocean circulation.
The activists say warmer weather will «possibly» set
in motion «
large - scale
ocean circulation changes.»
I was based
in the Meteorology Department, but my work focused on understanding the
large - scale
circulation of the
ocean and how it responds to
change.
The cryosphere derives its importance to the climate system from a variety of effects, including its high reflectivity (albedo) for solar radiation, its low thermal conductivity, its
large thermal inertia, its potential for affecting
ocean circulation (through exchange of freshwater and heat) and atmospheric
circulation (through topographic
changes), its
large potential for affecting sea level (through growth and melt of land ice), and its potential for affecting greenhouse gases (through
changes in permafrost)(Chapter 4).
Importantly, the
changes in cereal yield projected for the 2020s and 2080s are driven by GHG - induced climate
change and likely do not fully capture interannual precipitation variability which can result
in large yield reductions during dry periods, as the IPCC (Christensen et al., 2007) states: ``... there is less confidence
in the ability of the AOGCMs (atmosphere -
ocean general
circulation models) to generate interannual variability
in the SSTs (sea surface temperatures) of the type known to affect African rainfall, as evidenced by the fact that very few AOGCMs produce droughts comparable
in magnitude to the Sahel droughts of the 1970s and 1980s.»
The
change in heat and work
in the planetary system is made complicated by
large changes in radiant flux at TOA due to
changes in atmospheric and
ocean circulation (Loeb et al 2012).
The
large interannual to decadal hydroclimatic variability
in winter precipitation is highly influenced by sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies
in the tropical Pacific
Ocean and associated
changes in large - scale atmospheric
circulation patterns [16].
The most natural type of long term variability is
in my view based on slowly varying
changes in ocean circulation, which doesn't necessarily involve major transfer of heat from one place to another but influences cloudiness and other
large scale weather patterns and through that the net energy flux of the Earth system.
No significant imbalance occurs despite
large changes in the rate of energy release by the
oceans and significant
changes in the speed of the hydrological cycle via
changes in the air
circulation systems.
Periodic events called El Niño and La Niña alter the
circulation of warmer and cooler water
in ocean currents, leading to
changes in climatic patterns across
large regions.
Some examples from energy balance model calculations indicate that: (1) solar variability has a near - global response, with the amplitude of response slightly
larger over land; (2) volcanism has a proportionately
larger amplitude of response over land than over
ocean; and (3) the most oft - cited mode of internal variability,
changes in the North Atlantic thermohaline
circulation, has a hemispheric asymmetry
in response.
Changes in ocean circulation are thought to be able to produce large rapid temperature c
Changes in ocean circulation are thought to be able to produce
large rapid temperature
changeschanges.
Loeb (2012) shows that
large changes in the Earth's energy balance at top of atmosphere occur with
changes in ocean and atmospheric
circulation.
Among the global - scale tipping points identified by earth scientists are the collapse of
large ice sheets
in Greenland and Antarctica,
changes in ocean circulation, feedback processes by which warming triggers more warming, and the acidification of the
ocean.h
In short there are difficult to predict volcano eruptions, varying
ocean circulation, clouds and more clouds, a varying sun (both TSI and
larger frequency deltas),
changing vegetation albedo, atmospheric albedo including 03, earth's position and orientation and more including cosmic rays.
While on first thought this might seem undesirable because we are looking for a global number, it might make sense to separate them due to the
large difference
in land /
ocean ratio and the fact that atmospheric
circulation patterns isolate them WRT shorter term
changes.
This is the first extensive survey of one of these fjords that shows us how these warm waters circulate and how vigorous the
circulation is...
changes in the
large - scale
ocean circulation of the North Atlantic are propagating to the glaciers very quickly — not
in a matter of years, but a matter of months.
There are
large changes with the El Nino - Southern Oscillation and volcanoes as well step
changes and decadal variability to do with
changes in cloud associated with
changes in ocean and atmospheric
circulation.
This
in turn helps explain how factors such as fresh water from melting ice or
changes in global wind patterns might lead to
large - scale
changes in ocean circulation or climate
in the future.
Abrupt climate
changes, such as the collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the rapid loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet or
large - scale
changes of
ocean circulation systems, are not considered likely to occur
in the 21st century, based on currently available model results.
They conclude with another warning: ``... if major shifts
in sea ice cover and
ocean circulation tip even
large ice shelf cavities from cold to warm (35), there could be major
changes in ice shelf and thus ice sheet mass balance.»
Here, we present an explanation for time - invariant land — sea warming ratio that applies if three conditions on radiative forcing are met: first, spatial variations
in the climate forcing must be sufficiently small that the lower free troposphere warms evenly over land and
ocean; second, the temperature response must not be
large enough to
change the global
circulation to zeroth order; third, the temperature response must not be
large enough to modify the boundary layer amplification mechanisms that contribute to making φ exceed unity.
«Greenland hosts the
largest reservoir of freshwater
in the northern hemisphere, and any substantial
changes in the mass of its ice sheet will affect global sea level,
ocean circulation and climate,» said Velicogna.
Large - scale
ocean circulation changes beyond the 21st century can not be reliably assessed because of uncertainties
in the meltwater supply from the Greenland ice sheet and model response to the warming.
The discharge of Eurasian rivers draining into the Arctic
Ocean shows an increase since the 1930s (Peterson et al., 2002), generally consistent with
changes in temperature and the
large - scale atmospheric
circulation.