One study finds an association with disease x, but not y or z, another finds one with y but not x. None of these studies are able to fully control for the critically important confounding variable of maternal health, and none of the decent quality ones have demonstrated
a large difference in risk.
Previous studies have shown that people with obesity display
large differences in risk factors for type 2 diabetes.
«So despite the uncertainties, the findings clearly demonstrate that there is
a large difference in the risk of global ecosystem change under a scenario of no climate change mitigation, compared to one of ambitious mitigation,» says geo - ecologist Sebastian Ostberg, lead author of the third section of the study.
Not exact matches
These smaller companies are riskier investments, but Banz found that even after adjusting for the
difference in risk, small stocks outperformed
larger stocks.
In the
larger financial industry, who gets to keep the
difference between a historic 8 % return on equities, an «equity - like return», and a historic 4 % return on «
risk free» investments, such as government bonds?
It's more accurate to say that each week we have a small, statistically insignificant and wholly unreliable forecast for the coming week's market direction, but that when grouped over a
large number of instances, the
differences in the average return /
risk profile of different Market Climates are highly statistically significant.
The strengths of the study include the ability to compare outcomes by the woman's planned place of birth at the start of care
in labour, the high participation of midwifery units and trusts
in England, the
large sample size and statistical power to detect clinically important
differences in adverse perinatal outcomes, the minimisation of selection bias through achievement of a high response rate and absence of self selection bias due to non-consent, the ability to compare groups that were similar
in terms of identified clinical
risk (according to current clinical guidelines) and to further increase the comparability of the groups by conducting an additional analysis restricted to women with no complicating conditions identified at the start of care
in labour, and the ability to control for several important potential confounders.
Most studies of homebirth
in other countries have found no statistically significant
differences in perinatal outcomes between home and hospital births for women at low
risk of complications.36, 37,39 However, a recent study
in the United States showed poorer neonatal outcomes for births occurring at home or
in birth centres.40 A meta - analysis
in the same year demonstrated higher perinatal mortality associated with homebirth41 but has been strongly criticised on methodological grounds.5, 42 The Birthplace
in England study, 43 the
largest prospective cohort study on place of birth for women at low
risk of complications, analysed a composite outcome, which included stillbirth and early neonatal death among other serious morbidity.
Rates of obstetrical intervention are high
in U.S. hospitals, and we found large absolute differences in the risks of these interventions between planned out - of - hospital births and in - hospital births.38 In contrast, serious adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes are infrequent in all the birth settings we assessed, and the absolute differences in risk that we observed between planned birth locations were correspondingly small; for example, planned out - of - hospital births were associated with an excess of less than 1 fetal death per 1000 deliveries in multivariate and propensity - score - adjusted analyse
in U.S. hospitals, and we found
large absolute
differences in the risks of these interventions between planned out - of - hospital births and in - hospital births.38 In contrast, serious adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes are infrequent in all the birth settings we assessed, and the absolute differences in risk that we observed between planned birth locations were correspondingly small; for example, planned out - of - hospital births were associated with an excess of less than 1 fetal death per 1000 deliveries in multivariate and propensity - score - adjusted analyse
in the
risks of these interventions between planned out - of - hospital births and
in - hospital births.38 In contrast, serious adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes are infrequent in all the birth settings we assessed, and the absolute differences in risk that we observed between planned birth locations were correspondingly small; for example, planned out - of - hospital births were associated with an excess of less than 1 fetal death per 1000 deliveries in multivariate and propensity - score - adjusted analyse
in - hospital births.38
In contrast, serious adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes are infrequent in all the birth settings we assessed, and the absolute differences in risk that we observed between planned birth locations were correspondingly small; for example, planned out - of - hospital births were associated with an excess of less than 1 fetal death per 1000 deliveries in multivariate and propensity - score - adjusted analyse
In contrast, serious adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes are infrequent
in all the birth settings we assessed, and the absolute differences in risk that we observed between planned birth locations were correspondingly small; for example, planned out - of - hospital births were associated with an excess of less than 1 fetal death per 1000 deliveries in multivariate and propensity - score - adjusted analyse
in all the birth settings we assessed, and the absolute
differences in risk that we observed between planned birth locations were correspondingly small; for example, planned out - of - hospital births were associated with an excess of less than 1 fetal death per 1000 deliveries in multivariate and propensity - score - adjusted analyse
in risk that we observed between planned birth locations were correspondingly small; for example, planned out - of - hospital births were associated with an excess of less than 1 fetal death per 1000 deliveries
in multivariate and propensity - score - adjusted analyse
in multivariate and propensity - score - adjusted analyses.
The corresponding
risk differences were
larger in the intervention group: 0.11 (95 % CI: 0.08, 0.15) for mothers with partial university and 0.10 (95 % CI: 0.06, 0.14) for mothers with secondary education or less.
Larger randomized trials of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months are needed to confirm the findings reported here, and to exclude
differences in the
risk of malnutrition
in developing countries.
Whilst these data do show a
large relative
difference in the mortality rates, the absolute
risk of home birth is very low and it is therefore reasonable to call it safe,
Whilst these data do show a
large relative
difference in the mortality rates, the absolute
risk of home birth is very low and it is therefore reasonable to call it safe, particularly
in the case of ultrasound - confirmed uncomplicated pregnancies.
The primary outcome with the
largest difference in this sensitivity analysis was preterm birth, where an analysis restricted to trials with lower
risk of bias suggested a
larger treatment effect: RR 0.64, (95 % CI 0.51 to 0.81) compared with RR 0.77, (95 % CI 0.62 to 0.94)
in the overall analysis.
In the largest study to date, Dr. Davidson's study compared rates of apnea after general or regional anesthesia among 722 infants and found that while there was little evidence for a difference in late apnea, there was evidence that regional anesthesia reduced the risk of significant apnea in the first 30 minutes after surger
In the
largest study to date, Dr. Davidson's study compared rates of apnea after general or regional anesthesia among 722 infants and found that while there was little evidence for a
difference in late apnea, there was evidence that regional anesthesia reduced the risk of significant apnea in the first 30 minutes after surger
in late apnea, there was evidence that regional anesthesia reduced the
risk of significant apnea
in the first 30 minutes after surger
in the first 30 minutes after surgery.
Hunter said the study is part of a
larger research project funded by the National Institutes of Health, aiming to investigate underlying
risk factors for voice problems and gender
differences in speech.
It was found that genes which exhibit the
largest left - right
differences in the embryos also tended to be involved
in the
risk of schizophrenia.
Researchers assigned each type of physical activity an intensity score and determined walking or bicycling just 20 minutes per day was associated with a 21 percent lower
risk of heart failure and accounted for the
largest difference in heart failure free survival.
This new research shows that
in addition to a discernible contribution from natural forcings and human - induced global warming, the
large - scale
difference between Atlantic and Pacific ocean temperatures plays a fundamental role
in causing droughts, and enhancing wildfire
risks.
The Physicians» Health Study II (PHS II) remains the only randomized,
large - scale, long - term trial to test whether a daily multivitamin reduced cardiovascular disease
risk, and researchers found that after 11 years of follow up, there was no significant
difference in risk of major cardiovascular disease (CVD) events among men who took a multivitamin compared to those that took a placebo.
«
Differences that have persisted this long
in light of what we know about heart disease prevention, likely reflect a
larger social context that shapes heart disease
risk for some African Americans.»
Although there was no statistically significant
difference on mean beginning level of regular education, special education, and at -
risk students, results showed that upper - class special education males and ninth - grade at -
risk females had the
largest increase
in mean ending level within the program.
The Dividend Focus, High Yield, Emerging Opportunities, Small Cap, Mid Cap, Discovery, Growth,
Large Cap and International Fund may invest
in foreign securities which will involve political, economic and currency
risks, greater volatility and
differences in accounting methods.
We understand you can't invest
in risk assets and simultaneously protect against both smaller, short - term losses (corrections) and
larger, longer - term losses (bear markets) and given the
difference in the nature and impacts of corrections versus bear markets, we've chosen to seek protection from the latter.
In general, the greater the difference in the risk of the two securities, the larger the sprea
In general, the greater the
difference in the risk of the two securities, the larger the sprea
in the
risk of the two securities, the
larger the spread.
This
difference may not be
large enough to make you want to take on the additional
risks associated with ARMs (which we'll discuss
in a moment).
If you cook
large batches, it takes just a couple of hours per week; the
difference in cost is insignificant, and you'll save on vet bills
in the long run (ex: my dog no longer needs his allergy medication); and according to my vet, this will minimize
risks of cancer and add at least 2 - 3 years to their lives.
These
differences in growth rates explain why
large and giant breeds have a greater
risk of disorders associated with growth and highlight the fact that the requirements of puppies of different breeds are not the same and must be tailored to specific needs.
Playful
in tone and less reliant upon the exploitative construct of the case - study scenario
in such
large scale video projects as Them, 2007, and Repetition, 2005, Artur Zmijewski's earlier videos stand
in contrast to these somewhat over-determined provocations; while recent Zmijewski productions have adopted a nearly formulaic approach to positioning cultural
difference and conflict, and thereby seem to codify the subject as «other» a priori — a
risk that critic and art historian Hal Foster has insightfully called the «self - othering» of «the artist as ethnographer» — three earlier Zmijewski works engage a simpler, more agile approach.
The
large ranges of SCC are due
in the
large part to
differences in assumptions regarding climate sensitivity, response lags, the treatment of
risk and equity, economic and non-economic impacts, the inclusion of potentially catastrophic losses, and discount rates.
And again, the higher the thermometer climbs, the greater the possible disparities
in the adaptive capacity of regions: ``... local warming of about 4 [degrees Celsius] and higher above pre-industrial levels is projected to result
in differences between crop production and its population - driven demand becoming increasingly
large in many regions (high confidence), thus posing very significant
risks and challenges to food security.
This approach and their experience
in catastrophic cases make a significant
difference in the successful handling of the
large exposure case with
risks that require special management.
In short, there are important
differences between resolving bilateral private
risks and resolving
large - scale (system - wide) political
risks
For example, some have found significant
differences between children with divorced and continuously married parents even after controlling for personality traits such as depression and antisocial behavior
in parents.59 Others have found higher rates of problems among children with single parents, using statistical methods that adjust for unmeasured variables that,
in principle, should include parents» personality traits as well as many genetic influences.60 And a few studies have found that the link between parental divorce and children's problems is similar for adopted and biological children — a finding that can not be explained by genetic transmission.61 Another study, based on a
large sample of twins, found that growing up
in a single - parent family predicted depression
in adulthood even with genetic resemblance controlled statistically.62 Although some degree of selection still may be operating, the weight of the evidence strongly suggests that growing up without two biological parents
in the home increases children's
risk of a variety of cognitive, emotional, and social problems.
The program of prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses, tested with a primarily white sample, produced a 48 percent treatment - control
difference in the overall rates of substantiated rates of child abuse and neglect (irrespective of
risk) and an 80 percent
difference for families
in which the mothers were low - income and unmarried at registration.21 Corresponding rates of child maltreatment were too low to serve as a viable outcome
in a subsequent trial of the program
in a
large sample of urban African - Americans, 20 but program effects on children's health - care encounters for serious injuries and ingestions at child age 2 and reductions
in childhood mortality from preventable causes at child age 9 were consistent with the prevention of abuse and neglect.20, 22
Families with more baseline
risk had better outcomes
in some areas; however, generally there were not
large differences in outcomes across a variety of subgroups of families.
Recent research conducted
in mainland China found that obesity prevalence was higher among children in wealthier families, 4 but the patterns were different in Hong Kong with higher rates of childhood obesity among lower income families.4 5 Hong Kong, despite having a per capita gross domestic product of Hong Kong dollar (HK$) 273 550, has large income differences between rich and poor as reflected by a high Gini coefficient of 0.539 reported in 2016; approximately 20 % of the population are living in poverty as defined by a monthly household income below half of the Hong Kong median.6 It is widely accepted that population health tend to be worse in societies with greater income inequalities, and hence low - income families in these societies are particularly at risk of health problems.7 In our previous study, children from Hong Kong Chinese low - income families experienced poorer health and more behavioural problems than other children in the population at similar age.8 Adults from these families also reported poorer health - related quality of life (HRQOL), 9 with 6.1 % of the parents having a known history of mental illness and 18.2 % of them reporting elevated level of stres
in mainland China found that obesity prevalence was higher among children
in wealthier families, 4 but the patterns were different in Hong Kong with higher rates of childhood obesity among lower income families.4 5 Hong Kong, despite having a per capita gross domestic product of Hong Kong dollar (HK$) 273 550, has large income differences between rich and poor as reflected by a high Gini coefficient of 0.539 reported in 2016; approximately 20 % of the population are living in poverty as defined by a monthly household income below half of the Hong Kong median.6 It is widely accepted that population health tend to be worse in societies with greater income inequalities, and hence low - income families in these societies are particularly at risk of health problems.7 In our previous study, children from Hong Kong Chinese low - income families experienced poorer health and more behavioural problems than other children in the population at similar age.8 Adults from these families also reported poorer health - related quality of life (HRQOL), 9 with 6.1 % of the parents having a known history of mental illness and 18.2 % of them reporting elevated level of stres
in wealthier families, 4 but the patterns were different
in Hong Kong with higher rates of childhood obesity among lower income families.4 5 Hong Kong, despite having a per capita gross domestic product of Hong Kong dollar (HK$) 273 550, has large income differences between rich and poor as reflected by a high Gini coefficient of 0.539 reported in 2016; approximately 20 % of the population are living in poverty as defined by a monthly household income below half of the Hong Kong median.6 It is widely accepted that population health tend to be worse in societies with greater income inequalities, and hence low - income families in these societies are particularly at risk of health problems.7 In our previous study, children from Hong Kong Chinese low - income families experienced poorer health and more behavioural problems than other children in the population at similar age.8 Adults from these families also reported poorer health - related quality of life (HRQOL), 9 with 6.1 % of the parents having a known history of mental illness and 18.2 % of them reporting elevated level of stres
in Hong Kong with higher rates of childhood obesity among lower income families.4 5 Hong Kong, despite having a per capita gross domestic product of Hong Kong dollar (HK$) 273 550, has
large income
differences between rich and poor as reflected by a high Gini coefficient of 0.539 reported
in 2016; approximately 20 % of the population are living in poverty as defined by a monthly household income below half of the Hong Kong median.6 It is widely accepted that population health tend to be worse in societies with greater income inequalities, and hence low - income families in these societies are particularly at risk of health problems.7 In our previous study, children from Hong Kong Chinese low - income families experienced poorer health and more behavioural problems than other children in the population at similar age.8 Adults from these families also reported poorer health - related quality of life (HRQOL), 9 with 6.1 % of the parents having a known history of mental illness and 18.2 % of them reporting elevated level of stres
in 2016; approximately 20 % of the population are living
in poverty as defined by a monthly household income below half of the Hong Kong median.6 It is widely accepted that population health tend to be worse in societies with greater income inequalities, and hence low - income families in these societies are particularly at risk of health problems.7 In our previous study, children from Hong Kong Chinese low - income families experienced poorer health and more behavioural problems than other children in the population at similar age.8 Adults from these families also reported poorer health - related quality of life (HRQOL), 9 with 6.1 % of the parents having a known history of mental illness and 18.2 % of them reporting elevated level of stres
in poverty as defined by a monthly household income below half of the Hong Kong median.6 It is widely accepted that population health tend to be worse
in societies with greater income inequalities, and hence low - income families in these societies are particularly at risk of health problems.7 In our previous study, children from Hong Kong Chinese low - income families experienced poorer health and more behavioural problems than other children in the population at similar age.8 Adults from these families also reported poorer health - related quality of life (HRQOL), 9 with 6.1 % of the parents having a known history of mental illness and 18.2 % of them reporting elevated level of stres
in societies with greater income inequalities, and hence low - income families
in these societies are particularly at risk of health problems.7 In our previous study, children from Hong Kong Chinese low - income families experienced poorer health and more behavioural problems than other children in the population at similar age.8 Adults from these families also reported poorer health - related quality of life (HRQOL), 9 with 6.1 % of the parents having a known history of mental illness and 18.2 % of them reporting elevated level of stres
in these societies are particularly at
risk of health problems.7
In our previous study, children from Hong Kong Chinese low - income families experienced poorer health and more behavioural problems than other children in the population at similar age.8 Adults from these families also reported poorer health - related quality of life (HRQOL), 9 with 6.1 % of the parents having a known history of mental illness and 18.2 % of them reporting elevated level of stres
In our previous study, children from Hong Kong Chinese low - income families experienced poorer health and more behavioural problems than other children
in the population at similar age.8 Adults from these families also reported poorer health - related quality of life (HRQOL), 9 with 6.1 % of the parents having a known history of mental illness and 18.2 % of them reporting elevated level of stres
in the population at similar age.8 Adults from these families also reported poorer health - related quality of life (HRQOL), 9 with 6.1 % of the parents having a known history of mental illness and 18.2 % of them reporting elevated level of stress.
Factors unique to relinquishment by a biological parent (e.g., early trauma, institutional care, attachment issues) may also elevate
risk for suicidal behavior later
in life... adoptees were further distinguished from non-adoptees by moderately
large differences on family discord and smaller
differences on academic disengagement,» said Keyes.