Sentences with phrase «large spatial»

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This report found, for instance, that the estimates of economic losses from weather and climate related disasters have increased, but with large spatial and inter annual variability.

Because of their large spatial coverage, satellite data have proven useful in evaluating dust sources, transport and deposition in global models.

«Although it has been suggested that such interpolation is unreliable owing to the distances involved1, large spatial scales are not inherently problematic if there is high spatial coherence, as is the case in continental Antarctica4.»

And this is what I had in mind from previous discussions: a fairly large spatial correlation, like the 800-1200 km that can be found in the Hansen 1987 paper.

We conclude that the weekend effect is a real short time scale and large spatial scale geophysical phenomenon, which is necessarily human in origin.

Certainly the recent time trends are dominated by the El Nino event of 1998 and the integrated water vapor reanalyzed data do have large spatial and annual variations.

The text below discusses the evidence for: (1) abrupt changes in the circulation and (2) steady changes in the circulation that may, in turn, trigger relatively abrupt changes in climate in regions of large spatial gradients in surface weather.

Additionally, circulation trends that are robust on large spatial scales may be much more difficult to detect on regional spatial scales due to the competing effects of internal climate variability (e.g., Deser et al., 2012a, 2012b).

An argument that the poor performance applies merely to the point basis of our comparison, whereas aggregation at large spatial scales would show that GCM outputs are credible, is an unproved conjecture and, in our opinion, a false one.

Even with the generally large spatial coherence and correlation length scales of temperature anomalies at polar latitudes (e.g. Hansen et al. 1999; Chapman and Walsh 2007), none of the reconstruction methods can escape the basic limitation of few in situ observations in West Antarctica, and all exhibit less skill in this region compared with other regions of the continent.

Another possible objection could be that the performance of GCMs on the point basis is expected to be low because of the «noise» of local (spatial or temporal) weather conditions, whereas the performance should be higher at large spatial scales.

Note that most long time series of temperature indicate greater H, particularly on large spatial scales (e.g. H > 0.90) and make things even worse than described in the quotation.

Although most large glaciated areas of the state are regularly measured observationally, extrapolation to unmeasured areas carries uncertainties due to large spatial variability.

However, the large spatial variation in this relationship is logical, based on factors related to topography and atmospheric circulation.

On large spatial scales, heat stress is the most common factor causing bleaching, which is predicted to increase in frequency and severity as the climate warms.

The new approach combines several remote - sensing tools to study the Arctic landscape, above and below ground, in high resolution and over large spatial scales.

«This approach also allows us to sample over large spatial regions with minimal disturbance to the ecosystem — two important criteria when it comes to studying the vast and delicate Arctic landscape.»

The new approach combines several remote - sensing tools to study the Arctic landscape — above and below ground — in high resolution and over large spatial scales.

Their relatively good spectral resolution makes infrared sounders very useful for the determination of cloud properties (day and night), and their coarse spatial resolution has less effect on clouds with large spatial extents like cirrus clouds.

Current computer models can faithfully simulate many of the important aspects of the global climate system, such as changes in global average temperature over many decades; the march of the seasons on large spatial scales; and how the climate responds to large - scale forcing, like a large volcanic eruption.

• The performance of the models (both the TAR and AR4 ones) at a large spatial scale, i.e. the contiguous USA, is even worse.

«REDD can only be implemented across very large spatial scales if REDD revenues are substantially more than profits from agricultural commodities.

However, detection and attribution analyses based on climate simulations that include these forcings, (e.g., Stott et al., 2006b), continue to detect a significant anthropogenic influence in 20th - century temperature observations even though the near - surface patterns of response to black carbon aerosols and sulphate aerosols could be so similar at large spatial scales (although opposite in sign) that detection analyses may be unable to distinguish between them (Jones et al., 2005).

Systematic instrumental errors, such as changes in measurement practices or urbanisation, could be more important, especially earlier in the record (Chapter 3), although these errors are calculated to be relatively small at large spatial scales.

Quote of the Decade «The trouble with wind farms is that they have a very large spatial footprint for a piddling little bit of electricity.

In fact, Min et al. used leading empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs; a type of principal component analysis) in their attribution analysis for extreme precipitation, implying large spatial scales.

Also remember that when we talk about the global C sink, this is an aggregation of large spatial variation in regional sinks.

I think once you fully understand our methodology that you will find it to be a reasonable approach to comparing observations with model expectations on large spatial (global), but intermediate (5 - 15 years) temporal scales.

The exhibition includes new works produced during her 3 - month residency, including a large spatial construction, installation works and wall pieces.

«UMBRA» is presented as one large spatial installation.

Kusama's original artistic output is represented by a rich selection of paintings, drawings and sculpture, along with large spatial installations and material from her happenings and performances in 1960s New York.

Devised by Roland Wetzel, Director of Museum Tinguely, the show presents large spatial installations that often include sound, light, video and film as well as randomly found objects and works by other artists.

The area - restricted searches that were initiated at destinations were at too large a spatial and temporal scale to be consistent with mating.

«Spatial intelligence refers to the ability to represent the spatial world internally in your mind - the way a sailor or airplane pilot navigates the large spatial world, or the way a chess player or sculptor represents a more circumscribed spatial world.

Fritz and her team are the first to confirm this correlation on such a large spatial and temporal scale — for North America as well as for Europe.

Journal: L. McClenachan et al. «Ghost reefs: Nautical charts document large spatial scale of coral reef loss over 240 years.»

This strategy was adopted so that temperature reconstructions might be achieved at both regional and very large spatial scales.

Large spatial variations were prevalent in the intensity of MHWs (Fig. 1d).

Gabriel added, «Our study shows that with a little bit of training and a good sampling design, recreational divers collect very useful data that can be used to monitor shark populations over long periods of time and across large spatial areas.

The study incorporates multiple environmental drivers — notably climate and fire — at large spatial scales for a significant number of species and populations.

The results indicate that although land - use change is currently considered as the major driver of pollinator declines in Europe, climate is the most important factor limiting the distribution of pollinators at large spatial scales.

The number of observed large spatial dimensions — kilometer - scale or bigger — is still limited to the three we know and love, the...

We highlighted a powerful conservation tool that simultaneously brings social security for local livelihoods and biodiversity conservation at large spatial scales.

The number of observed large spatial dimensions — kilometer - scale or bigger — is still limited to the three we know and love, the researchers report January 24 at arXiv.org.

«Once trained, they can cover multiple locations over a large spatial and temporal scale that far exceeds what any single research team could accomplish.»

I look for larger spatial constructs as a way to enter the painting.

He sees the works as cultivating a space not only between objects but between viewers and the larger spatial environment.

Proposed explanations for the discrepancy include ocean — atmosphere coupling that is too weak in models, insufficient energy cascades from smaller to larger spatial and temporal scales, or that global climate models do not consider slow climate feedbacks related to the carbon cycle or interactions between ice sheets and climate.

Of course, if a larger spatial or shorter temporal scale is the chaotic one, then hardly matters about the smaller space or longer time scale when it might mean the whole shebang is wiped out by a — non-cataclysmic, non-alarming, but mathematically fascinating — event.)