Not exact matches
At Oxford University, Tony Honoré made his name as an expert
on causation and moral responsibility in the
law.
The Ninth Circuit's holding in First Solar marks its first definitive resolution of the internal conflict in its case
law on loss
causation.
This would not only render the presumably factual principle of uniformity logically necessary, it would also beg the question by simply denying the tenability of the claim that
laws evolve and insisting
on the notion of uniform
causation.
This post is already too long but, for the sake of completeness, since I've suggested there's a significant problem in the judge's use of «substantial», I'll add a bit more, including a reference to the case that once wasn't quite every Canadian (common
law side) judge and civil litigator's favourite case
on many aspects of proof of
causation and damages.
While the main part of the case discussed the usual components of medical malpractice action (standard of care of a physician and
causation), it's Canada - wide implication arises from a part of the decision that reviews and clarifies the
law on «confidentiality between patient and doctor» in a legal context.
There's at least a half - dozen, maybe more, cases released since March 2007 in which the lawyers have argued about factual
causation, and the judges have written reasons dealing with factual
causation issues, not mentioning the SCC's decision in Resurfice v Hanke 2007 SCC 7 and clearly argued and decided based
on the case
law predating Resurfice.
Of course, those damages will still be assessed with reference to ordinary principles of
law, including
causation, foreseeability, remoteness and mitigation and what amounts to payment within a «reasonable time» will depend
on a number of factors to be determined
on a case by case basis.
I believe that what I've written below is a good enough summary, for now, of what practitioners in Canada's common
law jurisdictions need to know about the effect of Clements v Clements, 2012 SCC 32
on the manner in which
causation is to be proved in negligence actions.
Once upon a time, a trial judge said that an article I'd written
on causation was «complete» and that some of what I'd said was «the current state of the
law in Canada».
And, I suppose there's some reason to consider there's some basis for believing the fact that the Ontario Court of Appeal and the British Columbia Court of Appeal seem to have different views
on the
law regarding
causation could be some basis for believing there's something about the
law regarding
causation that's a wee bit controversial (even accepting that the division of powers structure in the Constitution Act means that that conflict IS constitutional).
[85] Athey v. Leonati2 is the leading Canadian case
on causation in tort
law.
It is a basic principle of the
law of negligence that it is not sufficient for a plaintiff to merely demonstrate that a defendant had acted negligently; it must also establish that the defendant's negligence is what caused the plaintiff's injury.8 The onus lies
on the plaintiff to establish
causation as a probability and it is insufficient to merely demonstrate that the defendant's negligence caused the plaintiff injury.9 The proof of
causation is a necessary element of negligence, as «a defendant in an action in negligence is not a wrongdoer at large: he [or she] is a wrongdoer only in respect of the damage which he [or she] actually causes to the plaintiff.
The claims involve complex legal procedures, intricate demonstrations of
causation, a wealth of information from medical experts, and an unimpeachable understanding of Virginia
laws on the matter.
The defendants argued that under New Mexico
law, an expert witness is always required to show
causation of an injury, and since the plaintiff has not designated an expert witness
on that issue, that the plaintiff can not obtain relief.
To make a ruling
on the case, the U.S. Federal Court needed to apply New Mexico state
law regarding the necessity of an expert witness to show the
causation of an injury.
Thus, while the application of the wrong test for
causation was an error of
law, the error stemmed from the trial judge's failure to appreciate that the expert witnesses were unable to state that
causation was established
on a balance of probabilities.
At least one of the negligent persons» conduct was, for
law, not a cause not a probable factual cause, at least based
on a valid application of the but - for test which we are told, again, is the only approved method of establishing factual
causation.
If you are a
law student or otherwise involved in law, you should reread the chapter in Klar, Tort Law, on causati
law student or otherwise involved in
law, you should reread the chapter in Klar, Tort Law, on causati
law, you should reread the chapter in Klar, Tort
Law, on causati
Law,
on causation.
I've not spilled quite as much real ink (online is different) about the recent SCC decision in Resurfice v. Hanke which has one of those «out of the blue» pronouncements of
law that had nothing to do with the disposition of the issues in case: the SCC's declaration that fault and increased risk may sometimes be enough to satisfy tort's
causation requirement, even though the injured person can not establish,
on the balance of probability, that the fault was a (factual) cause of the injury.
Civil
law requires proof
on the balance of probabilities (i.e. 51 % likelihood) while the scientific community does not accept
causation unless the results are statistically significant.
This is because the
law requires proof of
causation only
on a balance of probabilities, whereas scientific or medical experts often require a higher degree of certainty before drawing conclusions
on causation (p. 330).
MacLean
Law's Surrey Vancouver Medical Malpractice Lawyers took note today of the Supreme Court of Canada's newest blockbuster 4:3 decision
on causation in medical malpractice cases.
I recommend the
causation chapter in Allan Beever's recent text — Rediscovering the
Law of Negligence for more depth
on why it's a
causation of damages issue, not a
causation of injuries issue.
In any event, it seems a safe guess that the Clements analysis will spread to other areas of
law which have
causation requirements, to the extent permitted by the judiciary's views
on the principles governing those other areas.
Attorneys for both plaintiffs and defendants will find comprehensive coverage of such matters as: the advantages and disadvantages of suits based
on strict liability, negligence and breach of warranty; the use of state consumer protection statutes; the duty to warn and its innumerable ramifications; the liability of the manufacturers, retailers and other potential defendants in the distribution chain; successor liability; federal preemption of common
law claims; monitoring product safety during design, manufacturing and distribution;
causation theories in actions involving multiple manufacturers; product misuse and alteration; the elements of proof needed in an action; recovery for economic loss; punitive damages; and the government contractor defense.
It's because, due to an unfortunate set of events, May in Vancouver means I'm (once again) scheduled to present a lecture
on causation:
on Friday, May 5 at UBC, mainly to academic lawyers at the Canadian
Law of Obligations 2017: Innovations, Innovators, and the Next 20 Years: http://www.allard.ubc.ca/events/canadian-
law-obligations.