Sentences with phrase «layer near the surface»

This water vapor contributes to the development of what is called a marine layer near the surface of the ocean.

This means that as the dense cold air flows towards the low spot and pools there the influence of the large scale wind decreases to zero in a shallow layer near the surface.

Only a limited layer near the surface would have some convection, but even that would be very limited.

One important issue is how the energy gets redistributed from the warmest layers near the surface throughout the troposphere by radiative - convective processes, e.g.what is the shape of the environmental lapse rate curve.

Also the sharp increase is more evident in the whole layer 0 - 1800 m than in the shallow layers near the surface, but note that 50 % coverage was achieved for the layer 900-1800 m only since 2005.

This layering results from a strong density gradient: water layers near the surface are less salty and therefore less dense, while bottom waters are the densest.

Not exact matches

The shrimp represent centimeter - sized swimmers, including krill and shrimplike copepods, found throughout the world's oceans that may together be capable of mixing ocean layers — and delivering nutrient - rich deep waters to phytoplankton, or microscopic marine plants, near the surface, the researchers suggest.

The sea may also be stratified, with more ethane in the deeper layers and methane near the surface.

In addition to developing maps of near - surface permafrost distributions, the researchers developed maps of maximum thaw depth, or active - layer depth, and provided uncertainty estimates.

Eugene Kolesnikov, a geochemist at Moscow State, and his colleagues excavated trenches in peat deposits near the lake, a tough job given the resistance of the hard permafrost layer below the surface.

One interesting outcome of the study was to show that an animal's movement triggers more firing among nerves in the deeper layers than in those nearer the surface of the brain.

The wind keeps a layer of warm water near the surface in Indonesia, reducing the temperature difference across the Indian Ocean and so minimising the strength of positive IOD events.

The shallow near - surface boundary layer observed at ingress may arise directly from sublimation.

The study detected a thin continuous layer of rock that starts near the surface and slopes gently to the south to depths of approximately 20 kilometers, in which earthquake waves travel faster than in the surrounding rocks.

Furthermore, a deeper upper layer of warm surface water may weaken the cold tongue if the Ekman pumping doesn't reach down below the thermocline to bring up colder water, and weakened trade winds would have a similar effect through reduced Ekman pumping near the equator.

[30] Medium - sized, low mass stars like the Sun have a core region that is stable against convection, with a convection zone near the surface that mixes the outer layers.

This heavy element upwells from a star's core (where it is produced) to the surface (near where it is observed) in a phase called the third dredge - up, when material in deep helium - burning layers is brought to the surface through convection.

«Those minimum nighttime temperatures reflect only the temperature of a shallow layer of air near the surface and not temperatures in the deep layer of the atmosphere.»

With an eye to the future — in terms of both energy costs and environmental considerations — the education authority opted for a system utilising the heat always present at a more or less constant temperature in the «near - surface geothermal layer» underground.

On a press in his studio, Lee uses color and the special qualities of the etching surface to play with both line and the suggestion of line as he creates layering, atmosphere and the impression of near and far space.

The three works near the entrance, titled «Sample 1,» «Sample 2,» and «Sample 3,» are layered ominously, with sharp cuts exposing hidden pink layers and brown spots pinwheeling across their surfaces.

This is to be expected because the spin - up of the wind - driven ocean circulation speeds up the currents (Ekman transport) which carry heat out of the tropics in the near - surface layers toward the subtropical ocean gyres.

The oceans are not a single reservoir for CO2, but a combination of near surface waters and deeper layers.

For the surface layers near the ground, warming occurs because the flux from the ground remains fixed.

Right — near the ground, in the near - surface layer.

Ocean measurements track the temperatures in the near surface layer (to about 5m depth).

is dissipated by damping of gravity waves in the bulk of the air (from thunderstorm CAPE energy) and 1/2 of the remainder is dissipated in the boundary layer (the part dissipated near the surface is the accessible part by conventional means)... well, you get the idea.

The areas where water samples drawn from near - surface layers had traces of the natural contaminants from the deep shale layers showed no relationship to past or current gas drilling activity, the researchers reported.

Furthermore, a deeper upper layer of warm surface water may weaken the cold tongue if the Ekman pumping doesn't reach down below the thermocline to bring up colder water, and weakened trade winds would have a similar effect through reduced Ekman pumping near the equator.

Changes in convection and cloud formations through altered air moisture (CAPE) could have implications for the coupled mode mechanisms, as would a deeper thermocline (usually situated near the bottom of the warm surface layer).

The effect where, adding a «new» absorption band and increasing the absorption, there may initially be warming of the colder layers, etc, followed by a stage of upper level or near - TOA cooling — this includes the warming from absorption from increased radiation from the surface + troposphere — which will be greater when more of the spectrum, especially near wavelengths where the emitted spectral flux change is greatest, has a greater amount of absorption.

The ability of a band to shape the temperature profile of the whole atmosphere should tend to be maximum at intermediate optical thicknesses (for a given band width), because at small optical thicknesses, the amounts of emission and absorption within any layer will be small relative to what happens in other bands, while at large optical thicknesses, the net fluxes will tend to go to zero (except near TOA and, absent convection, the surface) and will be insensitive to changes in the temperature profile (except near TOA), thus allowing other bands greater control over the temperature profile (depending on wavelength — greater influence for bands with larger bandwidths at wavelengths closer to the peak wavelength — which will depend on temperature and thus vary with height.

For the Ekman pumping (one good example of the Ekman pumping is the so - called «cold tongue» near in the eastern part of the Pacific near the Equator), the stability is not so important, but rather the depth of the upper warm surface layer.

Even so the proportion and volumes involved, of the total volumes, look far to small to get rid of the surface layers excess energy, nowhere near enough interchange.

That lower boundary layer of the atmosphere is the surface and since the atmosphere and the surface are in near steady state equilibrium is the best indication that much of the heat transfer takes place at that boundary.

You know, for a little while there I even thought that Bob T himself (who is undoubtedly an interesting fellow) might even be sharp enough to appreciate that the coupling of increased atmospheric CO2 and increased seawater N nutrient levels to produce enhanced cyanobacterial productivity in near surface layers of the oceans would also produce the weather - moderating effects listed above (particularly in the areas where tropical storms are «brewed»).

α is essentially a function of the near - surface cross-isobar angle and thereby a function of surface roughness and static stability of the planetary boundary layer (PBL).

That is the case for the oceans surface layer, which is very fast (1 - 2 years for a near complete exchange) but saturates already at 10 % of the extra amount in the atmosphere.

The waters that underlie the near - surface subtropical waters have freshened due to equatorward circulation of the freshened subpolar surface waters; in particular, the fresh intermediate water layer (at ~ 1,000 m) in the SH has freshened in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

A National Research Council panel was convened to examine observed trends of temperature near the surface and in the lower to midtroposphere (the atmospheric layer extending from the earth's surface up to about 8 km).

This latitude by height cross section shows that for the Arctic as a whole, air temperatures were above average not just at and near the surface but through a deep layer of the atmosphere.

Cold - cloud rain occasionally will refreeze if a layer of subfreezing air exists near Earth's surface.

They actually say something different:» For example, most mid-latitude studies show that the heat island intensity (the difference between the temperature of the warmest location in the city and the background rural value) of the near surface air layer reaches its maximum a few hours after sunset on calm.

Satellite radiometric soundings have also been used to provide temperature readings in layers in the atmosphere from near the surface up to about 25 km (16 miles) or so, although these measurements offer less vertical and spatial resolution than in situ measurements.

A layer of shallow, stagnant air acts like a lid, concentrating heat near the surface, researchers report today (Feb. 2) in the journal Nature Geoscience.

The pattern of temperature change through the layers of the atmosphere, with warming near the surface and cooling higher up in the stratosphere, further confirms that it is the buildup of heat - trapping gases (also known as «greenhouse gases») that has caused most of the Earth's warming over the past half century.

In 2010, the Yale Project on Climate Change released a study claiming that «less than half of Americans (45 percent) understand that carbon dioxide traps heat near the Earth's surface, and a majority think that the hole in the ozone layer contributes to global warming.»

Without radiative cooling at altitude, tropospheric temperatures above the near surface layer would rise to near surface Tmax.

We present an analysis to illustrate why temperature values at specific levels will depend on wind speed, and with the same boundary layer heat content change, trends in temperature should be expected to be different at every height near the surface when the winds are light, as well as different between light wind and stronger wind nights.

But ocean surface layers take nowhere near centuries to turn over.