Sentences with phrase «layer of warm ocean»

When cold surface water no longer sinks into the depths, a deeper layer of warm ocean water can travel across the continental shelf and reach the bases of glaciers, retaining its heat as the cold waters remain above.

Not exact matches

They are normally found in the upper layers of the open ocean in warm seas.

Last year, a study published in Science Advances found that the oceans have been steadily storing more heat since the 1980s and that deeper layers of the ocean are starting to warm up, as well.

The wind keeps a layer of warm water near the surface in Indonesia, reducing the temperature difference across the Indian Ocean and so minimising the strength of positive IOD events.

He proposed that the bottom layers of Europa's ice shell would be slightly warmer than the ice on top, due to heating from both the ocean below and the crushing pressure of the miles - thick ice above.

If the heat is weaker (right), Europa might have a thick layer of warm ice atop its ocean.

Along one string of sites, or «stations,» that stretches from Antarctica to the southern Indian Ocean, researchers have tracked the conditions of AABW — a layer of profoundly cold water less than 0 °C (it stays liquid because of its salt content, or salinity) that moves through the abyssal ocean, mixing with warmer waters as it circulates around the globe in the Southern Ocean and northward into all three of the major ocean baOcean, researchers have tracked the conditions of AABW — a layer of profoundly cold water less than 0 °C (it stays liquid because of its salt content, or salinity) that moves through the abyssal ocean, mixing with warmer waters as it circulates around the globe in the Southern Ocean and northward into all three of the major ocean baocean, mixing with warmer waters as it circulates around the globe in the Southern Ocean and northward into all three of the major ocean baOcean and northward into all three of the major ocean baocean basins.

Essentially, the researchers found that deeper warm water is increasingly mixing with the cool layer of water that traditionally lies atop the eastern part of the Arctic Ocean.

Because the vast plateau at such altitudes absorbs a huge amount of solar radiation, the atmospheric layer above it in summer is much warmer than air at similar elevations over lower land or the oceans.

At one time the Arctic Ocean was covered with substantially more ice and experienced very little mixing of warm and cool layers of water.

That means it sinks into the deeper layers of the ocean, and the contrast between this warm water and the undersea ice canyons contributes an unknown but substantial amount of sea level rise, said Josh Willis, an oceanographer at JPL in Pasadena, California.

For decades, research on climate variations in the Atlantic has focused almost exclusively on the role of ocean circulation as the main driver, specifically the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, which carries warm water north in the upper layers of the ocean and cold water south in lower layers like a large conveyor belt.

This warm air layer gets its heat reflected downwards during cloudy periods, especially during long night extensive cloudy periods, as a result, Arctic ocean ice doesn't thicken so much during darkness and leaves it up to summer sunlight (if there is some) to finish off what is left of it.

Regional trends are notoriously problematic for models, and seems more likely to me that the underprediction of European warming has to do with either the modeled ocean temperature pattern, the modelled atmospheric response to this pattern, or some problem related to the local hydrological cycle and boundary layer moisture dynamics.

One, which the authors themselves note, is that the warming of the Arctic Ocean that is already happening could trap nutrients in deeper, cooler layers that would make them less available to feed algae blooms.

Bacteria, however, have remained Earth's most successful form of life — found miles deep below as well as within and on surface rock, within and beneath the oceans and polar ice, floating in the air, and within as well as on Homo sapiens sapiens; and some Arctic thermophiles apparently even have life - cycle hibernation periods of up to a 100 million years while waiting for warmer conditions underneath increasing layers of sea sediments (Lewis Dartnell, New Scientist, September 20, 2010; and Hubert et al, 2010).

«The reason for the layering is that global warming in parts of Antarctica is causing land - based ice to melt, adding massive amounts of freshwater to the ocean surface,» said ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science researcher Prof Matthew England an author of the paper.

When greenhouse gases increase, more longwave radiation is directed back at the ocean surface, which warms the cool - skin layer, lowers the thermal gradient, and consequently reduces the rate of heat loss.

Future research topics may explore how the distribution of ocean barrier layers around the world may affect storms in a warmer world.

The thermal gradient through this layer dictates the rate of heat loss from the (typically) warmer ocean surface, to the cooler atmosphere above.

The research published in Nature Communications found that in the past, when ocean temperatures around Antarctica became more layered - with a warm layer of water below a cold surface layer - ice sheets and glaciers melted much faster than when the cool and warm layers mixed more easily.

We assess the heat content change from both of the long time series (0 to 700 m layer and the 1961 to 2003 period) to be 8.11 ± 0.74 × 1022 J, corresponding to an average warming of 0.1 °C or 0.14 ± 0.04 W m — 2, and conclude that the available heat content estimates from 1961 to 2003 show a significant increasing trend in ocean heat content.

A subsequent study by Balmaseda, Trenberth, and Källén (2013) determined that over the past decade, approximately 30 % of ocean warming has occurred in the deeper layers, below 700 meters.

This little ODE also points out what was so troubling about the recent measurement of mid layer warming in the ocean.

Sunlight penetrating the surface of the oceans is responsible for warming of the surface layers.

Increased warming of the cool skin layer (via increased greenhouse gases) lowers its temperature gradient (that is the temperature difference between the top and bottom of the layer), and this reduces the rate at which heat flows out of the ocean to the atmosphere.

Kevin, even with greater evaporation, when one considers all the energy fluxes into and out of the ocean cool skin layer, as long as the change in net energy flux causes the cool skin to warm, the temperature gradient between the cool skin layer and the bulk ocean below it will decrease.

Despite being only 0.1 to 1 mm thick on average, this skin layer is the major player in the long - term warming of the oceans.

Figure 3 - Schematic showing the upper ocean temperature profiles during the (A) nighttime or well mixed daytime and (B) daytime during conditions conducive to the formation of a diurnal warm layer.

The same concept applies to the cool skin layer - warm the top of the layer and the gradient across it decreases, therefore reducing heat flowing out of the ocean.

ENSO events, for example, can warm or cool ocean surface temperatures through exchange of heat between the surface and the reservoir stored beneath the oceanic mixed layer, and by changing the distribution and extent of cloud cover (which influences the radiative balance in the lower atmosphere).

Adding further greenhouse gases to the atmosphere warms the ocean cool skin layer, which in turn reduces the amount of heat flowing out of the ocean.

In the oceans, warmer weather is driving stronger winds that are exposing deeper layers of water, which are already saturated with carbon and not as able to absorb as much from the atmosphere.

It was amazing to be in the crisp ocean air for a few hours, and a great excuse to layer up in a combination of a wool coat and tall boots, that tends to be too warm for San Francisco.

The area is annually affected by a marine layer caused by the cool air of the Pacific Ocean meeting the warm air over the land.

Some heat is being transferred to the deeper ocean by wind changes, reducing the rate of increase in the upper layer, which reduces the warming rate on land.

This warm air layer gets its heat reflected downwards during cloudy periods, especially during long night extensive cloudy periods, as a result, Arctic ocean ice doesn't thicken so much during darkness and leaves it up to summer sunlight (if there is some) to finish off what is left of it.

I think the part about differential warming of different layers of the ocean to be particularly clear and useful.

ENSO events, for example, can warm or cool ocean surface temperatures through exchange of heat between the surface and the reservoir stored beneath the oceanic mixed layer, and by changing the distribution and extent of cloud cover (which influences the radiative balance in the lower atmosphere).

Their argument goes like this: It is not possible that warming of the deep ocean accelerates at the same time as warming of the upper ocean slows down, because the heat must pass through the upper layer to reach the depths.

After all, most of the excess energy from any radiation imbalance will wind up in the oceans, and the top layers are undoubtedly getting warmer.

«Somewhat counter-intuitively, a land — sea surface warming ratio greater than unity during transient climate change is actually not mainly a result of the differing thermal inertias of land and ocean, but primarily originates in the differing properties of the surface and boundary layer (henceforth BL) over land and ocean (Manabe et al. 1991; Sutton et al. 2007; Joshi et al. 2008 (henceforth JGW08), Dong et al. 2009) as well as differing cloud feedbacks (Fasullo 2010; Andrews et al. 2010).»

That the heat absorption of the ocean as a whole (at least to 2000 m) has not significantly slowed makes it clear that the reduced warming of the upper layer is not (at least not much) due to decreasing heating from above, but rather mostly due to greater heat loss to lower down: through the 700 m level, from the upper to the lower layer.

The ocean is known to be thermally stratified, with a warm layer, some hundreds of meters thick, lying on top of a cold deep ocean (a).

A lot of reseach energy is being devoted to the study of Methane Clathrates — a huge source of greenhouse gases which could be released from the ocean if the thermocline (the buoyant stable layer of warm water which overlies the near - freezing deep ocean) dropped in depth considerably (due to GHG warming), or especially if the deep ocean waters were warmed by very, very extreme changes from the current climate, such that deep water temperatures no longer hovered within 4C of freezing, but warmed to something like 18C.

To some extent, this is again due to the factors mentioned above, but additionally, the models predict that the North Atlantic as a whole will not warm as fast as the rest of globe (due to both the deep mixed layers in this region which have a large thermal inertia and a mild slowdown in the ocean heat transports).

Ocean serves as the memory whereby slow oceanic Rossby waves and Kelvin waves propagate through the basin and affect the depth of the oceanic surface layer of warm water.

Another example would be the data showing some expected warming in the surface / mid layers of the oceans as reported by Levitus et.

Lower Atmosphere is warming, oceans upper layers are warming, arctic summer sea ice is disappearing, WAIS and Greenland are both losing mass annually and the majority of the earths glaciers are losing mass too.

The surface heat capacity C (j = 0) was set to the equivalent of a global layer of water 50 m deep (which would be a layer ~ 70 m thick over the oceans) plus 70 % of the atmosphere, the latent heat of vaporization corresponding to a 20 % increase in water vapor per 3 K warming (linearized for current conditions), and a little land surface; expressed as W * yr per m ^ 2 * K (a convenient unit), I got about 7.093.