The air has been sealed off in the bubbles when the ice was laid down, and extracted from cores drilled deep within
the layered ice deposits.
Not exact matches
These
ice deposits would likely require a thin insulating blanket, perhaps a
layer of fine - grained surface material, or regolith, to keep it from sublimating away.
Then the researchers used an electron beam to carve away two squares of
ice, exposing the tops of some nanotubes, and
deposited a
layer of palladium on top of this
ice mask.
The
deposits are exposed in cross section as relatively pure water
ice, capped by a
layer one to two yards (or meters) thick of
ice - cemented rock and dust.
Dundas and co-authors say that banding and color variations apparent in some of the scarps suggest
layers «possibly
deposited with changes in the proportion of
ice and dust under varying climate conditions.»
That base
layer can warp and lift the
ice above it, which is formed by snow
deposited on the
ice sheet's surface.
As wind and rain erode the mountain range, massive rivers carry more than a billion tons of sediment into the Bay of Bengal each year; in some places, the
layer deposited since the most recent
ice age is more than one kilometer thick.
In fact, Natural Resources Canada has a collection of
ice cores that contain
layers deposited up to 8,000 years ago — a time when the earth was far warmer than today.
«Some of the observed features included ancient river beds, craters, massive extinct volcanoes, canyons,
layered polar
deposits, evidence of wind - driven deposition and erosion of sediments, weather fronts,
ice clouds, localized dust storms, morning fogs and more,» NASA wrote in a summary of the mission.
Also mentioned in the NASA release is the work of Kaitlin Keegan, a doctoral student at Dartmouth College whose focus is «firn,» the newly
deposited layers of snow cloaking the two - mile - thick
ice sheet that will, over time, become the next dense
layers in the great frozen mass.
Here's another statistic: If the CO2 in the atmosphere were to freeze out as dry
ice depositing on the ground, the dry
ice layer would only be about 7 millimeters thick.
First we have an example of caribou dung preserved between
ice layers, and hence necessarily
deposited on
ice.
The scientists were particularly interested in crystals found in
layers deposited during the «Little
Ice Age,» approximately 300 to 500 years ago, and during the «Medieval Warm Period,» approximately 500 to 1,000 years ago.
This means that depending on how thick the last
deposit of firn was, on recrystallisation to
ice, it could have transformed itself into many thinner
layers separated by the particulate
layers.
They plan to drill short
ice core samples and analyze the past role of black carbon, including
layers from 2012 (though Doherty points out that it may be difficult to tell how much black carbon was
deposited then, rather than
deposited in earlier years and concentrated by the melting).
The
layers are matched to calendar years using the telltale
deposits of known volcanic eruptions; and 3) connecting the ages of the
ice and the air — i.e., the time difference between snow falling and air bubbles getting enclosed — is a problem all of its own.