Sentences with phrase «layers of the ice sheet»

The weight of the upper layers of the ice sheet causes the deep ice to spread, causing the annual ice layers to become thinner and thinner with depth.

are now thought of as inaccurate because the lower layers of the ice sheet have become buckled and jumbled up However, at least one major cold and dry event during the Eemian seems to be corroborated by the terrestrial pollen record from Europe and China (Zhisheng & Porter 1997).

are now thought of as inaccurate because the lower layers of the ice sheet have become buckled and jumbled up However, at least one major cold and dry event during the Eemian seems to be corroborated by the terrestrial pollen record from Europe and China (Zhisheng & Porter 1997).

Not exact matches

Further, the less time an ice sheet has to create new layers of ice each winter, the less strong ice is created and built into centuries of previous strong sea ice, leaving ever more vulnerable and easy - to - melt sea ice.

Every year in the central area of the Greenland Ice Sheet a layer of ice is created separated by a line of duIce Sheet a layer of ice is created separated by a line of duice is created separated by a line of dust.

They popped right out of the pan, which was great because I used it for an ice cream cake (one sheet pan was perfect for three layers of cake and two layers of ice cream).

Things I changed: - cut the sugar by about half, using mostly dark brown sugar for the molasses kick - scratched the nutmeg and allspice but added about 1/3 extra of all of the other spices and also added nearly a tsp of ground cardamon - replaced the veggie oil with melted leaf lard - scratched the raisins - baked it on a deep sheet for only ~ 20 minutes - just barely until firm to the touch - then cut that sheet into three layers - replaced the icing with my own 16 ounce cream cheese, 8 ounce butter, ~ 6 ounce heavy cream, ~ 5 ounce honey, 1 tsp vanilla combo - toasted the coconut before dressing the cake.

Layers of rich peanut butter ice cream with chocolate - covered peanuts are sandwiched between velvety chocolate ice cream and sheets of crackly dark chocolate.

A glacier is made up of thousands of tons of ice which is layered in sheets and covers miles and miles.

It's the seventh such journey Morris has undertaken since 2004, all of them aimed at measuring the density of the top layer of snow covering the ice sheet.

The Antarctic ice sheet, the thick layer of ice covering much of the continent, is anchored in place by its floating fringe, shelves of ice that jut out into the surrounding ocean.

Finding a layer of ash in the ice wouldn't be surprising: the West Antarctic Ice Sheet straddles a broad continental rift that is known to harbor volcanoes, some of them exposed on the surface and others sealed under iice wouldn't be surprising: the West Antarctic Ice Sheet straddles a broad continental rift that is known to harbor volcanoes, some of them exposed on the surface and others sealed under iIce Sheet straddles a broad continental rift that is known to harbor volcanoes, some of them exposed on the surface and others sealed under iceice.

These eight scarps, with slopes as steep as 55 degrees, reveal new information about the internal layered structure of previously detected underground ice sheets in Mars» middle latitudes.

Scientists using ice - penetrating radar data collected by NASA's Operation IceBridge and earlier airborne campaigns have built the first comprehensive map of layers deep inside the Greenland Ice Sheet, opening a window on past climate conditions and the ice sheet's potentially perilous futuice - penetrating radar data collected by NASA's Operation IceBridge and earlier airborne campaigns have built the first comprehensive map of layers deep inside the Greenland Ice Sheet, opening a window on past climate conditions and the ice sheet's potentially perilous futuIce Sheet, opening a window on past climate conditions and the ice sheet's potentially perilous fuSheet, opening a window on past climate conditions and the ice sheet's potentially perilous futuice sheet's potentially perilous fusheet's potentially perilous future.

The drought that is devastating California and much of the West has dried the region so much that 240 gigatons worth of surface and groundwater have been lost, roughly the equivalent to a 3.9 - inch layer of water over the entire West, or the annual loss of mass from the Greenland Ice Sheet, according to the study.

This photo from December 2010 shows a one - meter long section of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide core, with a dark layer of volcanic ash visible.

In contrast to glaciers and ice sheets, which sit on the ground, ground ice sits in the ground, mixed with frozen soil or buried under layers of sediment.

The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is made up of layers of ice, greatly compressed, that correspond with a given year's precipitatiIce Sheet is made up of layers of ice, greatly compressed, that correspond with a given year's precipitatiice, greatly compressed, that correspond with a given year's precipitation.

The team found layers of sediment and rocks that built up over time, recording the flow of the ice sheet and reflecting climate change.

At the Dome A site in East Antarctica — roughly the size of the state of California — the base layer of refrozen ice accounted for up to half the total thickness of the ice sheet, and 24 percent of the area covered by ice.

Mountains of new ice underneath the ice sheet Researchers have also observed water in lakes underneath glaciers that refreezes into thin layers of ice.

But the bottoms - up ice formation could make finding that old ice harder, since the new layer of ice scrambles the older layers of ice above it, or it could make it easier, because the older ice will be closer to the surface of the ice sheet.

Radar images show that water under the base of the ice sheet refreezes into ice, creating a new bottom layer that accounts for up to half the total thickness of the ice sheet in some locations.

To get more detailed temperature data, the researchers used two relatively new methods of investigation, both of which examine the layer of compressed granular snow that is formed between the top layer of soft and fluffy snow and the layer deeper down in the ice sheet, where the compressed snow has been turned into ice.

The ice sheet is made up of annual layers of snow that never melted and became compacted into ice over thousands of years.

The instrument sends down radar waves, which reflect off of the ice surface, layers inside the ice sheet and bedrock back to the instrument, giving researchers a three - dimensional view.

Erosion carved these icy blue cliffs from sheets of ice just below Mars's layer of dust (Science, DOI: 10.1126 / science / aao1619).

They expected the detritus would be safely entombed in the ice sheet for tens of thousands of years, buried ever deeper under accumulating layers of snow and ice.

The P - 3 Orion, based at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, will carry IceBridge's most comprehensive instrument suite: a scanning laser altimeter that measures surface elevation, three types of radar systems to study ice layers and the bedrock underneath the ice sheet, a high - resolution camera to create color maps of polar ice, and infrared cameras to measure surface temperatures of sea and land ice.

Instead, its bottommost layer, just above Lake Vostok, is lake water frozen onto the underside of the ice sheet.

The research published in Nature Communications found that in the past, when ocean temperatures around Antarctica became more layered - with a warm layer of water below a cold surface layer - ice sheets and glaciers melted much faster than when the cool and warm layers mixed more easily.

The Danish Meteorological Institute reported that although it's only April, nearly 12 percent of the ice sheet's surface is covered with a layer of meltwater of a depth of at least a millimeter.

Previous research by Box using ice cores — long cylinders drilled out of the ice sheet that let scientists sample hundreds of years of ice layers — showed that in the past, snowfall has increased over the ice sheet as temperatures have risen.

When an icy impact occurred, the impactor's kinetic energy became heat energy, instantly melted some ice, gouged out a crater, and kicked up into Mars» thin atmosphere large amounts of debris mixed with water (liquid, ice crystals, and vapor)-- and complex organic molecules that obviously came recently from life.127 Then, the dirt and salt - water mixture settled back to the surface in vast layers of thin sheets — strata — especially around the crater.

Inferring Histories of Accumulation, Ice Flow, and Ice Thickness from Internal Layers in Ice Sheets.

This setup consists of an atmospheric model with a simple mixed - layer ocean model, but that doesn't include chemistry, aerosol vegetation or dynamic ice sheet modules.

Now one could argue that an impact of that sort, onto either the open waters of the St. Lawrence or the Laurentide ice sheet, could have vaporized a good deal of water and ice, thus creating a large tsunami that funneled up the St. Lawrence and then broke through to glacial Lake Vermont, and then set off a chain of events that lead to the draining of Lake Vermont and Lake Agassiz, and that could very well satisfy the proxy evidence in the Younger Dryas boundary layer.

What is still contentious is what the result implies for the YD climate change and the megafaunal extinctions, incorporating the ideas of both the broad large scale cometary debris impact scenario at low grazing angles, and the direct asteroidal impact into water and ice covered surfaces, and all that implies with the ice sheet disruptions, megatsunamis and the ozone layer and atmospheric effects and disruption that are possible in these events.

The uncertainty includes our own wavering over our human and economic response, layered over our inability to predict the ice sheet response as a function of CO2 and other climate drivers under our control.

Also mentioned in the NASA release is the work of Kaitlin Keegan, a doctoral student at Dartmouth College whose focus is «firn,» the newly deposited layers of snow cloaking the two - mile - thick ice sheet that will, over time, become the next dense layers in the great frozen mass.

The layers in multi-year ice (mainly formed when sheets of thin first - year ice pancake) do help baby seals, but polar bears happily walk on first - year ice thin enough to see through (don't take my word for it; watch the film Arctic Tale).

It is a thin layer of 2 - 3 meters thickness — unlike the 3,000 meter thick Greenland Ice Sheet.

We have fairly high confidence that we observe the history of Heinrich events (huge discharges of ice - rafted debris from the Laurentide ice sheet through Hudson Bay that are roughly coincident with large southern warming, southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone, extensive sea ice in the north Atlantic, reduced monsoonal rainfall in at least some parts of Asia, and other changes), and also cold phases of the Dansgaard / Oeschger oscillations that lack Heinrich layers and are characterized by muted versions of the other climate anomalies I just mentioned.

Throughout each year, layers of snow fall over the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica.

As it flows down the flanks of the ice sheet, the cold air layer picks up speed.

Ice sheets are made up of layers of snow and ice that collected over millions of yeaIce sheets are made up of layers of snow and ice that collected over millions of yeaice that collected over millions of years.

Over thousands of years, the layers of snow build up, forming a flowing sheet of ice thousands of feet thick and tens to thousands of miles across.

icing a sheet - like mass of layered ice formed by the freezing of water as it emerges from the ground or through fractures in river or lake ice

In ice sheet areas distant from a dust source this maybe difficult, but on alpine glaciers mountaineers and glaciologists have long noticed the ubiquitous nature of these layers (Post and LaChapelle, 1962).

Year after year, as fallen snow added layers to the ice sheet, lead emissions were captured along with dust and other airborne particles, and became part of the ice - core record that scientists use today to learn about conditions of the past.