As FOE points out, the EPA phased out
lead from gasoline for cars more than 14 years ago, it's time for the aviation industry to catch up.
This study focuses on current specifications, with comparisons to international norms, of gasoline, diesel and fuel oil; on measures adopted for improving the quality of such fuels and for reducing emissions, particularly the elimination of
lead from gasoline, and the reduction of sulphur in gasoline and diesel; on expected economic and environmental benefits of using cleaner fossil fuels; and on barriers facing the production and use of cleaner fuels.
The EPA's seminal achievements over almost 50 years include removing
lead from gasoline; reducing acid rain to improve water quality; reducing second - hand smoke exposure; improving vehicle efficiency and emission controls; and encouraging a shift to rethinking of wastes as materials.
It found this month significant progress in just four: eliminating chlorofluorocarbons that punched a hole in the Earth's protective ozone layer; the removal of
lead from gasoline that caused human health problems; improved access to clean water; and boosting research to reduce ocean pollution.
Cap and trade was first used to remove
lead from gasoline and then worked into amendments to the Clean Air Act in 1990 to force power plants to cut back on sulfur dioxide, one of the chemicals that produce acid rain.
Most notably, the law acted to phase out
lead from gasoline by the mid-1980s.
In the 1970s the big thing in vehicles, fuels, and the environment, was «get the lead out», an effort to remove
lead from gasoline.
Not exact matches
The noxiousness of diesel has
led to a paradoxical debate where far -
from - benign
gasoline emissions have gained the perverse position of being perceived as the lesser of two evils.
After securing $ 67 million
from leading venture capital firms and big companies, Rive Technology started to commercialize nanostructured zeolite catalysts for the production of diesel and
gasoline.
From phasing out
leaded gasoline to minimizing mercury poisoning, the answer appears to be yes.
«There are only a few countries using
leaded gasoline, so the majority of the exposures are
from lead - based paint,
lead battery production and hazardous waste sites,» Trasande said.
A curious detail also shown by the study is a reduction in atmospheric pollution
from lead during the last few decades, which, as Lozano concludes, «suggests that the global measures taken to reduce
lead emissions, such as the use of
lead - free
gasoline, have helped to reduce the levels of this metal in the atmosphere.»
The downside is that returning
from the electric future to the
gasoline past inspires a
lead foot that burns through
gasoline even faster.
The research, by three professors
from Carnegie - Mellon University in Pittsburg, concludes that an electric car powered by
lead - acid batteries will «release 60 times more
lead per kilometre of use» than a «comparable car burning
leaded gasoline».
From leaded gasoline to mercury in felt hats, laborers absorb the highest exposures and are the first to get sick.
Now an international team of researchers
led by the lung researcher Marianne Geiser
from the Institute of Anatomy at the University of Bern and the aerosol researcher Josef Dommen
from the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI has shown that secondary particles
from gasoline combustion in Euro 5 engines directly damage lung tissue as well as weaken its defense functions.
JBEI, based in Emeryville, Cal., is a multi-institutional research partnership
led by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) dedicated to developing advanced drop - in biofuels — liquid fuels derived
from the solar energy stored in plant biomass that can replace
gasoline, diesel and jet fuels.
Lead from old pipes, paint, or even
leaded gasoline still in topsoil (with children particularly at risk because even brief exposure can affect brain development)
Re-engineered
from the ground up on an all - new platform, the Pacifica delivers class -
leading gasoline and hybrid powertrains to the minivan segment.
The suspension provides controlled damping that
leads to both good ride and cornering, while there's plenty of poke available
from the 35 HP, 166 Lb - Ft electric motor combined with the 156 HP, 136 Lb - Ft 2.5 - liter
gasoline engine.
Total output of the 2.5 - liter
gasoline engine and the hybrid electric motor is 194 hp, propelling 4,180 pounds (21 pounds per hp, far
from class -
leading).
Topping off can also create overflow of
gasoline from your vehicle,
leading to spillage.
Nobody much bemoans the damage due to delays managing
lead in
gasoline,
lead in paint, asbestos in everything, tobacco, antibiotics in agriculture, mercury going
from coal to fish to fetus.
The
lead author of one of the studies referenced in Elisabeth Rosenthal's recent article says in a policy brief that ``... switching
from gasoline to corn ethanol doubles greenhouse gas emissions for every mile driven.»
In addition to being fodder
from Woodruff's study, NHANES is a powerful force for good health: the NHANES studies are behind advances like iron fortification of grains and cereals and the ban on
leaded gasoline.
Their life cycle analysis found that in recycling the batteries
from such cars, more
lead would be released into the environment than if the cars burned
leaded gasoline.
The result was a more rapid elimination of
leaded gasoline from the marketplace than anyone had anticipated, and at a savings of some $ 250 million per year, compared with a conventional no - trade, command - and - control approach.
Third, we have significant experience in the United States with the use of this approach, including during the 1980s to phase out
leaded gasoline from the marketplace, and since the 1990s to cut acid rain by 50 percent.
It is as though EPA, in Ethyl [Corp. v. EPA, 541 F. 2d1, 1976], were defending a rule to ban
leaded gasoline because
lead is a poison at some unknown dose; cars burning
leaded gasoline can emit
lead, which has some unknown effect on atmospheric
lead concentrations; and banning
leaded gasoline would yield some unknown but trivial reduction in atmospheric
lead levels, possibly mitigating by some unknown (but at best trivial) degree the unknown adverse effects that may result
from atmospheric
lead, although it is very, very possible that the ban would accomplish absolutely nothing at all.
M.C. Mehta single - handedly won numerous landmark judgments
from India's Supreme Court since 1984, including introducing
lead - free
gasoline to India and reducing the industrial pollution fouling the Ganges and eroding the Taj Mahal.
And while virtually every American will have some levels of
lead in their blood, the phasing out of
lead in
gasoline from 1976 to 1991 along with other measures has caused the average level of
lead in the blood of American adults to fall 30 % by 1980 and 80 % by 1990.
And while it might seem daunting or feel too late (after all, 62,000 chemicals were grandfathered in with no safety testing when the Toxics Safety Control Act was passed in 1976), there are strong past successes
from which to draw inspiration, like the banning of
lead in wall paint and
gasoline, after which average human blood
lead levels dropped impressively, or the Canadian trend to ban aesthetic pesticide use.
We find that a shift to compressed natural gas vehicles
from gasoline or diesel vehicles
leads to greater radiative forcing of the climate for 80 or 280 yr, respectively, before beginning to produce benefits.
Specifically, has anyone here framed the issue in terms of, «changing the composition of a substance changes its properties» — and then related that to activities ranging
from cooking, to metallurgy, to biotechnology, to the atmospheric effect of taking
lead out of
gasoline?
But the new information
from Apple about performance management poured
gasoline on that long - simmering frustration,
leading to a lot of bad press and multiple lawsuits.