In one study, results showed that caffeine boosted metabolic rate by as high as 29 percent
in lean individuals.
Certainly, not all overweight individuals experience reflux, and plenty
of lean individuals do.
Recent studies that used the conventional blood oxygenation level — dependent fMRI have shown selective overactivity in the nucleus accumbens and related brain areas in obese compared
with lean individuals when shown imagines of highly palatable food (6 — 11) and in subjects who scored high on a measure of food addiction (39).
They speculated that a fatty liver could be the cause: «the fatty liver may help to explain why some but not all obese individuals are insulin resistant and why
even lean individuals may be insulin resistant».
OK, so this genetleman is obviously as far right as it gets, and not representative of the VAST majority of right
wing leaning individuals.
According to the research, there is a direct correlation between Pellino3 levels and abdominal fat tissue levels in individuals, with Pellino3 found to be extremely low amongst obese individuals and higher
amongst lean individuals.
Specifically, people who struggle with weight issues seem to have more of a type of bacteria called Firmicutes,
while lean individuals have more Bacteroidetes.
The researchers found liberal -
leaning individuals exhibited a similar aversion to solutions they viewed as politically undesirable in an experiment involving violent home break - ins.
Our recent work complemented these studies by examining the effects of extended morning fasting for 6 wk on all components of energy balance and health
in lean individuals (15).
In the human abdominal adipose (fat) tissue
of lean individuals, the amounts of Pellino3 are high, but in adipose tissue from obese individuals the levels of Pellino3 fall.
Using the new tools, Pollard's lab investigated a reported finding that obese people have a lower ratio of bacteria from the phylum Bacteroidetes to bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes compared
with lean individuals.
This is especially true for ectomorph body types or
leaner individuals.
In one animal study it was even shown that when obese but bacteria were transplanted into
a lean individual, the lean individual became fat (41).
STUDY THREE — type 2 diabetes is commonly a result of obesity, but scientists in this 2005 review wanted to explain why even
some lean individuals commonly develop type 2 diabetes.
One obvious interpretation is that overweight individuals are hungrier than
lean individuals, and so they have a greater response to any food in their reward centers.
Reeves et al. (7) reported lower energy intake with morning fasting in lean and overweight / obese individuals who in a crossover design both ate and skipped breakfast for 7 d. However, this was a pooled effect, and the difference in overweight / obese individuals (∼ 60 kcal) was less pronounced than in
lean individuals (∼ 265 kcal).