However, Struminger et al. (2013) explored the gluteus maximus EMG amplitude during a range of different lower body plyometrics exercises (180 degree jump, frontal plane hurdle hop, double
leg sagittal plane hurdle hop, single
leg sagittal plane hurdle hop, and split squat jump).
The hip muscles act on three mutually perpendicular main axes, all of which pass through the center of the femoral head, resulting in three degrees of freedom and three pair of principal directions: Flexion and extension around a transverse axis (left - right); lateral rotation and medial rotation around a longitudinal axis (along the thigh); and abduction and adduction around a
sagittal axis (forward - backward); [29] and a combination of these movements (i.e. circumduction, a compound movement in which the
leg describes the surface of an irregular cone).