Effects were more consistent on physical abuse, however, with mothers in the treatment group reporting fewer instances of very serious physical abuse at one year and fewer instances of serious abuse at two years.54 In Alaska, the HFA program was associated with
less psychological aggression, but it had no effects for neglect or severe abusive behaviors.55 Similarly, in the San Diego evaluation of HFA, home - visited mothers reported less use of psychological aggression at twenty - four and thirty - six months.56 Early Start also reported small effects in terms of lowering rates of severe physical abuse.57
Not exact matches
Verbal harassment and
aggression causes clear negative and harmful
psychological effects, while the isolated cursing is much
less detrimental.
Although the most highly publicised incidents involve serious physical violence,
less serious forms of physical
aggression and
psychological violence (including harassment, bullying, and relational
aggression) present far more prevalent and persistent problems.
At one year, but not at two years, mothers in the program group engaged
less frequently in acts of
psychological aggression.52 In contrast, neglectful behaviors53 did not differ at one year, but did at two years.
Men and women who were more forgiving, in general, experienced continued physical and
psychological aggression across the course of their marriage whereas
less forgiving partners experienced reduced
aggression.