Overall, 3.5 percent of the Roux - en - Y patients reported getting substance abuse treatment, far
less than the nearly 21 percent who reported
alcohol problems.
To minimize the confounding effect and test for potential modification by an
overall lifestyle pattern, we further performed a stratified analysis according to a priori — defined healthy lifestyle pattern, as characterized by never smoking or ever smoking for fewer than 5 pack - years, never or moderate
alcohol intake (< 14 g / d in women and < 28 g / d in men), body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) of at least 18.5 and
less than 25.0, and physical activity of at least 150 min / wk at a moderate level or at least 75 min / wk at a vigorous level (equivalent to ≥ 7.5 metabolic equivalent h / wk) as recommended.18 Likewise, given the previous report that protein intake was associated with a higher risk for diabetes - related mortality, 8 we examined the protein - mortality association according to the history of diabetes.