Sentences with phrase «less deep ocean»

So more surface layer evaporation, less deep ocean direct heating.

Moreover, the abstract you cited states that there will be less deep ocean to surface currents.

Not exact matches

Under slightly less pressure, the outer core — a 1,400 - mile - deep, 8,000 - degree ocean of iron and nickel — is still hot enough to be fluid.

The report found some deep mesophotic coral ecosystems may be less vulnerable to the most extreme ocean warming, but others may be just as vulnerable as their shallow counterparts and can not be relied on to act as «life boats.»

Serial entrepreneur Richard Branson (CEO of Virgin Galactic, no less) is developing a one - person submarine — Virgin Oceanic — to visit the deepest parts of the Earth's five oceans.

As these winds enhance ocean circulation, they may be encouraging carbon - rich waters to rise from the deep, say the team, meaning that surface water is less able to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere.

The rising temperatures cause layers of ocean water to stratify so the more oxygen - rich surface waters are less able to mix with oxygen - poor waters from the deeper ocean.

Climate change impacts in the deep ocean are less visible, but the longevity and slow pace of life in the deep makes that ecosystem uniquely sensitive to environmental variability.

This happened in two steps: First, in the Antarctic zone of the Southern Ocean, a reduction in wind - driven upwelling and vertical mixing brought less deep carbon to the surface.

If an impactor landed in the deep ocean, it wouldn't create much shocked quartz either, because the ocean floor has less quartz in it than continental crust.

In the North Atlantic, more heat has been retained at deep levels as a result of changes to both the ocean and atmospheric circulations, which have led to the winter atmosphere extracting less heat from the ocean.

«Cold, deep water from this little area of the Nordic seas, less than 1 % of the global ocean, travels the entire planet and returns as warm surface water.

Exponentially less methane would be able to reach the atmosphere in waters that are thousands of feet deep at the very edge of the shallow seas near continents, which is the area of the ocean where the bulk of methane hydrates are,» Sparrow says.

«The weaker overturning circulation brings less naturally CO2 - rich deep waters to the surface, which limits how much of that gas in the deep ocean escapes to the atmosphere.

Deep trenches, unexplored surfaces and a long, treacherous journey: Sounds like a voyage to Mars, but it also describes the trip to the bottoms of Earth's own oceans, about which we know even less than the Red Planet.

«A huge difficulty in all of this is that the Southern Ocean is big, deep, complex, hard to study, and in general less known than most of the world ocean,» he Ocean is big, deep, complex, hard to study, and in general less known than most of the world ocean,» he ocean,» he said.

During the later period, when there was less sea ice, the whales dove significantly longer and deeper than in the earlier period — presumably in search of prey as the animals, in turn, changed their habits because of different ocean conditions brought on by sea ice loss.

If this material can be fabricated in bulk — and the researchers say there's no reason it can't be — simpler, less - sensitive underwater microphones can be used for land - sea communication for deep - ocean science or shipwreck exploration, for instance.

One, which the authors themselves note, is that the warming of the Arctic Ocean that is already happening could trap nutrients in deeper, cooler layers that would make them less available to feed algae blooms.

While we see evidence of a 8 - 10 km deep ocean on Enceladus today, in the past the water supply might have been many more kilometers deep, or many less.

Giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) is a type of brown algae that grows on rocky reefs in ocean waters usually less than eighty feet deep.

First,... the Gulf of Mexico... is very shallow with 38 percent of the ocean less than 20 meters deep.

... the deep ocean around the Antarctica is changing, in particular becoming less salty and less dense.

Partly this has to do with changes in ocean circulation taking warmer water deeper and partly as the result of the southern hemisphere having less land mass and more ocean — where the ocean has a higher thermal inertia, meaning that it takes longer for those waters to warm.

Actually, I thought about it and having oceanic circulation does allow this behavior (that the surface temperature can decline when forcing is declining even while it is still less than the equilibrium temperature)-- it makes sense because the deep ocean may still be pulling the surface temperature toward a much lower temperature.

As for petroleum, while increased scarcity and demand will spur people to drive less, in smaller cars, it will also guarantee the expansion of drilling farther toward the ends of the Earth and deeper in ocean basins.

If in exceeds out and the diffential MUST exist from top to bottom of the atmosphere, then before the hotter air can migrate to the deep ocean, the daily temerature cycling will force the hotter air at the bottom into an overall equlibrium ie hotter air will rise — or more correctly since GHGs have heated the air up more at the bottom, then the sun induced daily warming will add more heat to the top, & less at the bottom to force the equilibrium — ie effectively hot air rising even if not in actuality.

SO just HOW can we justify that that the outflow in the computer MUST be less than inflow for the 250 years of the computer run, when clearly the daily temperature cycle will reestablish the equilibrium (at least for the atmosphere & ground — not sure about deep ocean equilibrium, BUT I also know that there is MUCH MUCH MORE energy stored in the Land (eg solid iron core of earth) than in the ocean & the GCMs do NOT address this either).

Over very long time periods such that the carbon cycle is in equilibrium with the climate, one gets a sensitivity to global temperature of about 20 ppm CO2 / deg C, or 75 ppb CH4 / deg C. On shorter timescales, the sensitivity for CO2 must be less (since there is no time for the deep ocean to come into balance), and variations over the last 1000 years or so (which are less than 10 ppm), indicate that even if Moberg is correct, the maximum sensitivity is around 15 ppm CO2 / deg C. CH4 reacts faster, but even for short term excursions (such as the 8.2 kyr event) has a similar sensitivity.

They then looked at the challenges that warmer oceans delivered for crustaceans, molluscs, sponges, deep sea invertebrates, the warm and cold water corals that provide habitat for one - fourth of the ocean's variety, the pelagic or surface - swimming fish, and the demersal or deep - sea denizens that live longer, reproduce more slowly and are thus less likely to evolve and adapt to changing conditions.

Examples of less certain science include understanding the effects of climate change on extreme weather in different regions, the role the deep ocean plays in the climate cycle and the rate at which sea level will rise over the next century.

So it sounds like even though at sea level freshwater at 4º or less does not expand when heated, that with the salinity and higher pressure, the deep ocean below 700m is actually expanding as it heats and thus adding a little to searise.

This means — as the NCAR model shows — that during hiatus periods the deep ocean could warm 18 percent more, simultaneous with 60 percent less warming in the upper ocean.

Gavin Schmidt says: «The deep ocean is really massive and even for the large changes in OHC we are discussing the impact on the deep temperature is small (I would guess less than 0.1 deg C or so).

Another contributor is changes in ocean circulation which cause less heat is transported upwards from the deeper, warmer layer.

The warmer the ocean becomes, the less water rises from deeper down, meaning fewer resources will be brought to the surface water where phytoplankton live.

Unsuspected before the invention of sonar, every night after dark, in many parts of the ocean, billions of small creatures move vertically from the forever dark deeps, upwards to within a couple hundred metres of the surface, sometimes less.

Depending on the internal system mixing efficiency, it can charge, i.e. warm the deeper oceans more or less quickly, changing the response timing.

The vertically integrated inventory of human emitted CO2 in the oceans is (not surprisingly) much greater in areas of cold deep convection, especially in the northern Atlantic (the falling leg of the thermohaline circulation), and much less in the tropics where the ocean is strongly stratified; absorption in the tropics really is more in the near - surface waters.

As far as the increased heat in the system, since the medium to deep ocean represents the lion's share of that and is much more globally distributed than ice, I think that's where pure energy balances can become less relevant.

The current total of 300 GtC human emissions adds less than 1 % to the carbon reservoir in the deep oceans, and ultimately that is all what returns if everything is back in equilibrium.

The IPCC uses several time constants: the constant for the exchange rate of ~ 8 years, and several time constants for the decay rates in different compartiments, ranging from less than a year (ocean surface) to decades (deep oceans) to centuries and millennia (rock weathering, sedimentation).

The alleged long lifetime of 500 years for carbon diffusing to the deep ocean is of no relevance to the debate on the fate of anthropogenic CO2 and the «Greenhouse Effect», because POC can sink to the bottom of the ocean in less than a year (Toggweiler, 1990).

The Pacific Decadal Variation is a system that switches from more or less cold, nutrient - rich, deep ocean upwelling every 20 to 30 years.

He says the team's most exciting discovery was that the deep ocean around the Antarctica is changing, in particular becoming less salty and less dense.

Physically, C1 can be thought of as representing the concentration of CO2 in long - term stores such as the deep ocean; C1 + C2 as representing the CO2 concentration in medium - term stores such as the thermocline and the long - term soil - carbon storage; and C = C1 + C2 + C3 as the concentration of CO2 in those sinks that are also in equilibrium with the atmosphere on time scales of a year or less, including the mixed layer, the atmosphere itself and rapid - response biospheric stores.

Note that the deep ocean plays a lesser role in heat storage or dissipation from short term forcings (e.g., volcanic eruptions), and so equilibrium in these cases can be nearly complete within decades — a major difference from persistent CO2 forcing.

If heating at the surface is dangerous to societies and ecosystems and land ice and SLR and so on and so on then instinctively it seems that deep in the ocean is a less worrying place for it.

This fresh water, together with melt ‐ water from the melting ice pack in summer forms a permanent superficial layer (usually about 200m deep) of low salinity over the entire Arctic Ocean, without which much less seasonal ice would form.

I beg to differ with the viewpoint that the belief that humans exert fundamental (100 % attribution) control over the melting of ice sheets and the raising or lowering of sea levels or the temperatures of the deep oceans by emitting more or less fossil fuels is a «mainstream» view.