Sea
ice in the Arctic, on which arctic animals hunt, rest, and reproduce,
now covers 15 %
less area than it did in 1978; it has thinned to an average of 1.8 meters, compared to 3.1 meters in the 1950s.
Polar bears are one of the most sensitive Arctic marine mammals to climate warming because they spend most of their lives on sea
ice.35 Declining sea
ice in northern Alaska is associated with smaller bears, probably because of
less successful hunting of seals, which are themselves
ice - dependent and so are projected to decline with diminishing
ice and snow
cover.36, 37,38,39 Although bears can give birth to cubs on sea
ice, increasing numbers of female bears
now come ashore in Alaska in the summer and fall40 and den on land.41 In Hudson Bay, Canada, the most studied population in the Arctic, sea
ice is
now absent for three weeks longer than just a few decades ago, resulting in
less body fat, reduced survival of both the youngest and oldest bears, 42 and a population
now estimated to be in decline43 and projected to be in jeopardy.44 Similar polar bear population declines are projected for the Beaufort Sea region.45