Not exact matches
Another study of 2,900 Australian infants assessed at ages 1, 2 3, 5, 8, 10, and 14 years found that infants breastfed for 6 months or longer, had lower externalizing, internalizing, and total behaviour problem scores throughout childhood and into adolescence
than never breastfed and infants fed for
less than 6 months.8 These differences remained after statistical control for the presence of both
biological parents in the home, low income and other factors associated with poor mental health.
Those with overprotective
parents had
less grey matter in the prefrontal cortex
than those who'd had healthy relationships (Progress in Neuro - Psychopharmacology and
Biological Psychiatry, DOI: 10.1016 / j.pnpbp.2010.02.025).
After reviewing family research over the last decade, the issue's big takeaway, co-authored by Princeton sociologist Sara McLanahan and Brookings economist Isabel Sawhill, was this: Whereas most scholars now agree that children raised by two
biological parents in a stable marriage do better
than children in other family forms across a wide range of outcomes, there is
less consensus about why.
Using the 1999 National Survey of American Families, Brown found that only 1.5 percent of all children lived with two cohabiting
parents at the time of the survey.17 Similarly, an analysis of the 1995 Adolescent Health Study (Add Health) revealed that
less than one - half of 1 percent of adolescents aged sixteen to eighteen had spent their entire childhoods living with two continuously cohabiting
biological parents.18
They have
less education, earn
less income, report poorer relationship quality, and experience more mental health problems.12 These considerations suggest that children living with cohabiting
biological parents may be worse off, in some respects,
than children living with two married
biological parents.
Adoptive
parents are no
less of a
parent than a
biological parent.
These
less -
than - healthy ways of attaching are often not diagnosed as disorders, but are common in children who have backgrounds of abuse or neglect or who are no longer with their
biological parents, who have had the loss of one or more
parents, who are in foster care, who have had several medical procedures or who have been adopted.
Adoption research also fails to find large (c 2 -LCB- \ displaystyle c ^ -LCB- 2 -RCB--RCB--RRB- components; that is, adoptive
parents and their adopted children tend to show much
less resemblance to one another
than the adopted child and his or her non-rearing
biological parent.
«Children who live with their
biological fathers are, on average, at least two to three times more likely not to be poor,
less likely to use drugs,
less likely to experience educational, health, emotional and behavioral problems,
less likely to be victims of child abuse, and
less likely to engage in criminal behavior
than their peers who live without their married,
biological (or adoptive)
parents.»
Dr. Coleman writes: «Divorce may introduce new adults into children's lives — adults who can cause the child to feel disloyal to the
parent who's not there; adults who may compete for the love, attention, and resources from the
parent who is; adults who generally have
less investment in the child's well - being
than the
biological parent.»
Among young children, for example, those living with no
biological parents, or in single -
parent households, are
less likely
than children with two
biological parents to exhibit behavioral self - control, and more likely to be exposed to high levels of aggravated
parenting,
than are children living with two
biological parents.