Sentences with phrase «less than that over the oceans»

Not exact matches

Option two: Using the ring, you fly under its power across the ocean in less than sixty minutes (it takes that long because you haven't figured out how to fold space yet), subdue and restrain the bad guys, and turn them over to those equipped to deal with them.

Over the past few years, the ice on the Arctic Ocean in late summer — covers less area than it did 30 years ago; declined but then recovered to about the same area it had 30 years ago; or covers more area than it did 30 years ago.

«This is not a sensational «cephalopods are taking over the world's oceans» story,» says Paul Rodhouse, a biological oceanographer with the British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge, U.K. Further climate change could have unpredictable effects, squeezing generation times to less than a year and throwing off some species» annual mating gatherings in the process.

Winds over the Atlantic Ocean also appear to modulate global surface temperatures, albeit to a lesser extent than those over the Pacific Ocean.

If it was just being heated by tidal forces within the ice, the ocean would freeze over in less than 30 million years.

The ocean has a much higher heat capacity than land and thus anomalies tend to vary less over monthly timescales.

«The surge in global temperatures since 1977 can be attributed to a 1976 climate shift in the Pacific Ocean that made warming El Niño conditions more likely than they were over the previous 30 years and cooling La Niña conditions less likely» says corresponding author de Freitas.

Icarus - In this context it doesn't really matter where the CO2 is coming from (since it becomes well - mixed in the air over less than a few years), though the most plausible hypotheses usually require the Southern Ocean to be involved, and the associated feedbacks of ocean biogeochemistry and its interaction with the ocean's physical circulaOcean to be involved, and the associated feedbacks of ocean biogeochemistry and its interaction with the ocean's physical circulaocean biogeochemistry and its interaction with the ocean's physical circulaocean's physical circulation.

BPA is an endocrine - active (weakly oestrogenic) chemical but its potency is over a million-fold less than the pregnancy oestrogens that circulate to the fetus during normal pregnancy, so the BPA is a drop in the ocean compared with this.

I could imagine (at a push) that say the modelling of the climate over a vast flat area of ocean might be achievable in a few less grid points than over say the Himalayas or Rockies.

In terms of the gold that a climate science denier might find in the paper, at the very least, they could argue that the fact that the troposphere isn't warming more quickly than the surface shows that the climate models are unreliable — even though the models predict just the pattern of warming that we see — with the troposphere warming more quickly than the surface over the ocean but less quickly than the surface over land.

Over very long time periods such that the carbon cycle is in equilibrium with the climate, one gets a sensitivity to global temperature of about 20 ppm CO2 / deg C, or 75 ppb CH4 / deg C. On shorter timescales, the sensitivity for CO2 must be less (since there is no time for the deep ocean to come into balance), and variations over the last 1000 years or so (which are less than 10 ppm), indicate that even if Moberg is correct, the maximum sensitivity is around 15 ppm CO2 / deg C. CH4 reacts faster, but even for short term excursions (such as the 8.2 kyr event) has a similar sensitivOver very long time periods such that the carbon cycle is in equilibrium with the climate, one gets a sensitivity to global temperature of about 20 ppm CO2 / deg C, or 75 ppb CH4 / deg C. On shorter timescales, the sensitivity for CO2 must be less (since there is no time for the deep ocean to come into balance), and variations over the last 1000 years or so (which are less than 10 ppm), indicate that even if Moberg is correct, the maximum sensitivity is around 15 ppm CO2 / deg C. CH4 reacts faster, but even for short term excursions (such as the 8.2 kyr event) has a similar sensitivover the last 1000 years or so (which are less than 10 ppm), indicate that even if Moberg is correct, the maximum sensitivity is around 15 ppm CO2 / deg C. CH4 reacts faster, but even for short term excursions (such as the 8.2 kyr event) has a similar sensitivity.

Given that the most of the melting that goes on is from the underneath (i.e. under the water) and ocean heat content is at modern highs, and the oceans have even released a bit less energy than average over the past 15 years, it is not a coincidence that ice would de line even faster during this period.

Converting from heat content to degrees C, the ocean warming over the last 30 years is less than 0.1 degrees C, which is probably well within the error bars or the Argo float's measurement ability.

Beck interpretes the latter as the direct influence of seawater temperatures, but the measurements near the floating ice border were just average, not the lowest... Modern measurements give less than 10 ppmv difference over the seas from the coldest oceans to the tropics, including a repeat of the trips that Buch made.

Over most of the oceans, surface water is warmer, and so less dense, than the water beneath it.

The absolute humidity will be largely set by the oceans, so water vapor and will increase but relative humidity over land will largely decrease, resulting in less precipitation than one would otherwise expect, given Clausius - Clapeyron and a constant residence time.

The principal scientific objective is to make global SSS measurements over the ice - free oceans with 150 - km spatial resolution, and to achieve a measurement error less than 0.2 (PSS - 78 [practical salinity scale of 1978]-RRB- on a 30 - day time scale, taking into account all sensors and geophysical random errors and biases.Salinity is indeed a key indicator of the strength of the hydrologic cycle because it tracks the differences created by varying evaporation and precipitation, runoff, and ice processes.

If the level of CO2 in the atmosphere suddenly doubled, the initial warming over 10 years would be less than a degree, in part because the build - up takes time and also because the oceans slowly take up the heat, and act as a buffer.

There's less water over land than ocean so look for more warming over land than water.

Given the fact the the bulk of the energy in the TOA imbalance is getting stored in the ocean, yet temperature anomalies over the ocean are less than over the land, for the above stated reasons, the global combined land and ocean (that is, air over the ocean) temperature anomalies actually tend to greatly understate to a the actual effects of the anthropogenic caused TOA anomaly.

My opinion expressed elsewhere is that almost all the temperature changes we observe over periods of less than a century are caused by cyclical changes in the rate of energy emission from the oceans with the solar effect only providing a slow background trend of warming or cooling for several centuries at a time.

In fact, because over 90 % of the solar radiation passes through the thin transparent surface layer of the oceans, you should use less than 10 % of that 161W / m ^ 2 in Stefan - Boltzmann calculations.

So perhaps less than 1 m / s over ocean and so some number closer to 10 m / s occurs over smaller the surface area of land.

So something less than 1 m / s in velocity of atmospheric gas molecules may be occurring in tropical ocean area [and a lot of the earth's atmosphere is over the the tropical oceans].

Now consider that their are over 100,000 active erupting volcanoes on the Oceans floors less than 4 % of all the 3,000,000 volcanoes down under the waves and you begin to see how keeping the public and even researchers unaware is pretty easy.

I don't know where the «seven times» is based on, volcanoes emit less than 1 % of what humans emit, while oceans emit and absorb around 8 times more CO2 and vegetation 12 times more over the seasons.

Lead author de Freitas said in a press release, â $ œThe surge in global temperatures since 1977 can be attributed to a 1976 climate shift in the Pacific Ocean that made warming El Nià ± o conditions more likely than they were over the previous 30 years and cooling La Nià ± a conditions less likely.»

Urban heat island effects are real but local, and have a negligible influence (less than 0.006 °C per decade over land and zero over the oceans) on these values.

I have already made it clear elsewhere that the additional resistor effect of human CO2 would be insignificant in relation to that from the rest of the air and the oceans together with the varying solar and oceanic heating and cooling effects but we still need to know for sure whether it is significant at all over periods of less than several hundred years because that may be the time we need to solve our energy, pollution, resource and population problems.

At low altitude and high temperatures (greater than 30 °C or 86 °F), over the ocean, it can reach 4.3 % or more of the atmosphere and is less dense than dry air, causing it to rise.

Over the ocean it's less than 10 % of the total.

Diversity less than 2 is calculated over the northern Pacific and Atlantic oceans and exceeding 2 over most of the oceanic regions south of 30 ° S and over Antarctica.

Haloclines are formed by summer melt water which is lower in salinity than the ocean and spreads over the surface as it can not penetrate the less dense, low salinity Arctic sea water.

Independent analysis seem to indicate that over last half dozen years, the ocean has shown less warming than the long term trend but nevertheless, a statistically significant warming trend.

That would be one for every 170,000 sq km of earth's surface, ie a little less than one per area the size of the state of Washington, with of course coverage worse over the oceans.

Urban heat island effects were determined to have negligible influence (less than 0.0006 °C per decade over land and zero over oceans) on these measurements.

HadCRUT has large areas of missing data over the poles and a less complete land analysis than ocean analysis at lower latitudes.

Bear in mind too that very few scientists close to the problem, when asked the specific question, would say there is only a very small possibility (for example, less than 5 per cent) that internal ocean behaviour could be a major cause of the warming over the past half - century (27).

The atmosphere and the ocean are two interacting turbulent media with turbulent processes going on inside them, and there are all sorts and shapes of physical boundary (of the ocean in particular) that «contain'the eddies in a way that may or may not allow prediction of average conditions over areas less than the size of the earth.

Over the last ten years, lower tropospheric and upper ocean temperatures increases, however, have been less than in the preceding years, for reasons that are actively being debated.

Are you agreeing that a trend emerges in the area where the model is nudged back to the radiosonde data but the trend is less steep than over the oceans?

Since full melt of all grounded ice is equal to over 70 metres of sea level rise, then it follows that there is the equivalent volume of 70 metres of ocean surface that is currently existing as ice at less than zero C.

RealClimate is wonderful, and an excellent source of reliable information.As I've said before, methane is an extremely dangerous component to global warming.Comment # 20 is correct.There is a sharp melting point to frozen methane.A huge increase in the release of methane could happen within the next 50 years.At what point in the Earth's temperature rise and the rise of co2 would a huge methane melt occur?No one has answered that definitive issue.If I ask you all at what point would huge amounts of extra methane start melting, i.e at what temperature rise of the ocean near the Artic methane ice deposits would the methane melt, or at what point in the rise of co2 concentrations in the atmosphere would the methane melt, I believe that no one could currently tell me the actual answer as to where the sharp melting point exists.Of course, once that tipping point has been reached, and billions of tons of methane outgass from what had been locked stores of methane, locked away for an eternity, it is exactly the same as the burning of stored fossil fuels which have been stored for an eternity as well.And even though methane does not have as long a life as co2, while it is around in the air it can cause other tipping points, i.e. permafrost melting, to arrive much sooner.I will reiterate what I've said before on this and other sites.Methane is a hugely underreported, underestimated risk.How about RealClimate attempts to model exactly what would happen to other tipping points, such as the melting permafrost, if indeed a huge increase in the melting of the methal hydrate ice WERE to occur within the next 50 years.My amateur guess is that the huge, albeit temporary, increase in methane over even three or four decades might push other relevent tipping points to arrive much, much, sooner than they normally would, thereby vastly incresing negative feedback mechanisms.We KNOW that quick, huge, changes occured in the Earth's climate in the past.See other relevent posts in the past from Realclimate.Climate often does not change slowly, but undergoes huge, quick, changes periodically, due to negative feedbacks accumulating, and tipping the climate to a quick change.Why should the danger from huge potential methane releases be vievwed with any less trepidation?

I don't prefer one over the other as an intrinsic metric (they provide two different pieces of information), but I find the ocean heat content data to be a much less mature data set than the surface temperature data set.

The differences are very small over most regions (less than ± 5 %), except for a small area of the equatorial Pacific Ocean, where the non-high-end models project an increase in precipitation that is about 50 per cent greater than in the high - end models.

The widely reported finding that insect abundance is down by 75 per cent in Germany over 27 years was big news, while, for example, the finding in May that ocean acidification is a lesser threat to corals than had been thought caused barely a ripple.

Levitus et al. (2012) estimate that the heat energy change (converted to temperature) amounted to an increase of just +0.09 °C between 1955 and 2010 in the upper 2000 meters of the ocean, or less than one - tenth of one degree over 55 years.

Ocean overturning is a diurnal event, and since the average wind speed over the oceans is little more than BF4, there must be vast swathes of the oceans where the conditions for long periods are BF2 or less when there would be very little ocean / top surface mixing by wind waves or sOcean overturning is a diurnal event, and since the average wind speed over the oceans is little more than BF4, there must be vast swathes of the oceans where the conditions for long periods are BF2 or less when there would be very little ocean / top surface mixing by wind waves or socean / top surface mixing by wind waves or swell.