Sentences with phrase «less than the forcing»

Before allowing the temperature to respond, we can consider the forcing at the tropopause (TRPP) and at TOA, both reductions in net upward fluxes (though at TOA, the net upward LW flux is simply the OLR); my point is that even without direct solar heating above the tropopause, the forcing at TOA can be less than the forcing at TRPP (as explained in detail for CO2 in my 348, but in general, it is possible to bring the net upward flux at TRPP toward zero but even with saturation at TOA, the nonzero skin temperature requires some nonzero net upward flux to remain — now it just depends on what the net fluxes were before we made the changes, and whether the proportionality of forcings at TRPP and TOA is similar if the effect has not approached saturation at TRPP); the forcing at TRPP is the forcing on the surface + troposphere, which they must warm up to balance, while the forcing difference between TOA and TRPP is the forcing on the stratosphere; if the forcing at TRPP is larger than at TOA, the stratosphere must cool, reducing outward fluxes from the stratosphere by the same total amount as the difference in forcings between TRPP and TOA.

After equilibrium has been restored by changes in the temperature structure of the atmosphere and other feedbacks, the energy imbalance is much less than the forcing number would suggest.

Not exact matches

Firms in Canada's financial sector are under less pressure than their counterparts in, say, Europe or Japan, where negative interest rates are out in force.

The motivating force behind this model, Times executives say, is that breaking news has more or less become a commodity because anyone with a website — or even just a smartphone and a Twitter account — can publish news as fast or faster than a newspaper.

Less than a day after U.S., British and French forces targeted suspected chemical weapons sites in retaliation to an attack that left dozens of civilians dead last week, Trump thanked the U.S. coalition partners.

The tariff would force Mexican companies to raise prices, though probably far less than the full 20 %, since they'd take part of the hit by shrinking margins.

As an example, if you receive a payment for six months in advance and plan to use that money to increase the sales force, make sure to accomplish this effort in less than six months.

The CEO of Boeing said Wednesday that he told Donald Trump the company would build a new Air Force One fleet for less than $ 4 billion, referencing the figure the president - elect previously claimed the «out of control» contract would cost.

It tapped Jean - Pierre Landau, a former Bank of France deputy governor, to lead a task force on cryptocurrency risks and, as Fortune «s David Meyer writes, his stance on bitcoin is less than boosterish.

Being forced to do many, many things inevitably results in at least some of those efforts being less than half - assed.

Sofge, who stressed coalition forces» efforts to avoid civilian casualties, said the actual process likely takes less time to complete than it does to describe, in part because of the experience they have doing it and because parts of it happen concurrently.

They were forced by law to begin providing fee disclosures less than five years ago.

The numbers are stark: America's population is 13 percent black, but in the Silicon Valley work force, that portion is less than 1 percent.

The new air - defense system, designed to defend Russia's borders, can be turned into combat mode in less than five minutes, Interfax news agency quoted Viktor Sevostyanov, a commander with Russia's air forces, as saying.

Conversely, 36 % of Canada's employed labour force falls into the low - risk category, including registered nurses, elementary teachers, early childhood educators, and secondary school teachers — all of which fall within a less than 1 % chance of automation.

Samsung unveiled the Galaxy Note 8 on Wednesday, less than a year after it was forced to discontinue and recall the device's predecessor due to exploding batteries.

The state said Airbnb runs afoul of New York's illegal - hotel law, which forbids residents from renting rooms for less than 30 days (and which forced the reasonably priced, centrally located hotel where a certain Canadian business writer always liked to stay to close).

Your schedule may force you to wolf down something less than super appetizing alone at your desk every once in awhile.

Precincts have started adopting or increasing use of less - than - lethal force — including pepper spray and Tasers — in an effort to reduce injury and death.

The number of women, African - Americans and Hispanics employed at companies such as Google, Facebook and Yahoo lag far behind the U.S. work force as a whole; meanwhile, only 3 percent of venture funding is earmarked for female founders, and founders of color claim less than 1 percent, according to U.S. chief technology officer Megan Smith.

The unemployment rate fell to 6.7 percent, from 7 percent, but that was less about job creation than about people, fed up or unsuccessful in their job searches, dropping out of the labor force.

Precincts have started adopting or increasing their use of less - than - lethal force — including pepper spray and Tasers — in an effort to reduce injury and death while still giving police options when facing would - be assailants.

Currently, 90 % of CEO pay is linked to company performance of three years or less and based largely on stock price, much of which owes more to market forces than management acumen.

If you don't have a retirement plan, you could easily find yourself forced to sell under less - than - optimal circumstances.

«Even upper - bound estimates indicate that less than 0.1 % of the total force would seek transition - related care that could disrupt their ability to deploy,» the study stated.

The new air defense system, designed to defend Russia's borders, can be turned into combat mode in less than five minutes, Interfax news agency quoted Viktor Sevostyanov, a commander with Russia's air forces, as saying.

Source: «Twenty - sixth Survey of Sales Force Compensation,» a survey of U.S. companies, 72.3 % sales less than $ 50 million.

On Feb. 1, Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels signed a controversial right - to - work law prohibiting workers in union shops from being forced to pay union dues — less than 48 hours before Electro - Motive announced the closure of the London plant, its jobs expected to move to the Hoosier state.

We do not know the increase in the growth of federally regulated workers that make less than $ 15, but given what we know from the Labour Force Survey, federally regulated workplace study and employment equity survey data, estimates of 0.25 - 0.75 % annual growth appear reasonable.

Unemployment, measured in a different survey, edged down to 7.7 % from 7.9 % in January and, for once, not just because more Americans gave up the job search: 170,000 said they had found employment, meaning those who dropped out of the labour force were less than half the total.

Instead work to come up with a creative solution that costs no or a little money — that forced discipline helps you spend less than you make.

Less than a week after the news broke, German forces unconditionally surrendered in Europe, and by September the war had officially ended.

The easy way is to charge less, but lower prices usually mean lower gross margins, which will force you to spend your startup capital faster than you should.

(Remember, when Trump sued Tim O'Brien for publishing Trump insiders» claims that Trump was worth less than $ 250 million dollars, Trump was eventually forced to show O'Brien's lawyers his tax returns.)

Even if Moscow manages to double that order under the latest rearmament push, it would amount to less than half of the aircraft the Russian Air Force initially expected to have in service by 2055.

Now, however, with prices less than half of what they were in July, many U.S. oil companies have been forced to shut down rigs, effectively slowing down output.

In less than a decade the nation has been stripped of its capital and forced into debt to its former NATO adversaries.

Many companies that win federal contracts, they say, are quite likely to enact the new paid sick leave policy across their entire work force rather than maintain separate policies, one for workers involved in federal contracts and a less generous one for everyone else.

Food inflation could force the overall inflation rate to much higher levels as we enter a new decade in less than two years.

They also will likely encounter personnel issues with employees and be forced to work with customers or clients who are less than polite at times, so they must be able to be polite while standing their ground.

In Canada and the United States, for example, the annual growth rate of the labour force slowed from around 1 1/4 per cent in 2006 to less than 1/2 per cent in 2016.11 This decline has reduced potential output growth and investment demand.

However, unemployment fell by only 24,100 in January (unemployment fell by less than employment rose because the total labour force expanded.)

Whenever the CPI show lower than expected figures, then inflation drops and the ECB is forced to cut interest rates, which makes the European currency less attractive and the EUR / JPY pair may drop.

New Democrats have repeatedly pointed out that it is ludicrous to force the public sector, which is responsible for less than one per cent of greenhouse gases emitted in the province, to subsidize big polluters who pay no penalty for the majority of their greenhouse gas emissions.

Whilst high yield stocks tend to be less volatile than growth stocks, they will still be subject to market forces and outside influences that management can not control.

Based on government valuations, companies deciding to renew their concessions under MP 579, such as Eletrobras, would be forced to receive indemnity payments as much as 50 % less than the book value of their assets.

It is designed to force out - of - province owners to contribute more to B.C. government coffers or rent out their homes in cities where rents are sky - high and vacancy rates less than one per cent.

People with disabilities demonstrate the same passion, independence and self - direction as all Americans, and given certain characteristics — including being on average older and less educated — it is not surprising that the rate of self - employment for people with disabilities in the labor force in 2011 was about 50 percent higher than the corresponding rate for people without disabilities -LSB-...]

The exception is homeowners who were forced to purchase taxpayer - backed mortgage default insurance from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corp. (CMHC), or its main private sector rival Genworth Canada, because they put down less than 20 per cent of their home's value.

Could we see some of the world's largest corporations — some less than 20 years old — fall to Darwinian forces as they fail to adapt?