Consumers reacted negatively to the high
level of uncertainty with a 14.3 percent drop in sentiment, the largest since the end of the recession.
The first part of this sentence seems to demand a high
level of uncertainty with respect to the later assertion, especially when one considers that the work seems to be based on 4 years of observational data, the post-2007 ice decline.
Since this is in centimetres could you juxtapose these figures with
any level of uncertainty with the 20 feet rise should Greenland and the WAIS both melt?
Not exact matches
We are «concerned that these major findings are presented ambiguously within the Executive Summary and are inconsistent
with the observations, data, and
levels of uncertainty presented and discussed in the body
of the draft Assessment Report,» states the review.
Last month, the panel
of 31 independent scientists charged
with reviewing the EPA's draft report stated that the agency's broad conclusion about the mining technique known as fracking is at odds
with the evidence and «inconsistent
with the observations, data, and
levels of uncertainty presented.»
Speaking to the influx
of investment by the world's largest technology companies into the U.K. as Facebook, Google and Apple all recently announced greatly expanded plans for London headquarters and staffing
levels, Marshall said the technology sector is more able to cope
with the
uncertainty wrought by Brexit.
This personality trait doesn't sit well
with entrepreneurs who, by the nature
of their professions, must be willing to risk some
level of uncertainty.
The legal tussle may well divide the on - demand economy into two camps: the fundamentally sound companies — the ones that can figure out how to compete on any sort
of playing field, as long as it's
level, because they're selling a real innovation — and the companies that exist only because the current haze
of legal and regulatory
uncertainty paired
with free - flowing venture capital has permitted them to flourish.
Actual results and the timing
of events could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward - looking statements due to these risks and
uncertainties as well as other factors, which include, without limitation: the uncertain timing
of, and risks relating to, the executive search process; risks related to the potential failure
of eptinezumab to demonstrate safety and efficacy in clinical testing; Alder's ability to conduct clinical trials and studies
of eptinezumab sufficient to achieve a positive completion; the availability
of data at the expected times; the clinical, therapeutic and commercial value
of eptinezumab; risks and
uncertainties related to regulatory application, review and approval processes and Alder's compliance
with applicable legal and regulatory requirements; risks and
uncertainties relating to the manufacture
of eptinezumab; Alder's ability to obtain and protect intellectual property rights, and operate without infringing on the intellectual property rights
of others; the uncertain timing and
level of expenses associated
with Alder's development and commercialization activities; the sufficiency
of Alder's capital and other resources; market competition; changes in economic and business conditions; and other factors discussed under the caption «Risk Factors» in Alder's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, which was filed
with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on February 26, 2018, and is available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.
This vacation deficit is not that surprising, «when you consider that consumer confidence still hovers at relatively low
levels coupled
with uncertainty about the economy and specifically consumers» own job security,» said Laura Mandala, managing director
of Mandala Research, a tourism and travel company.
Such risks,
uncertainties and other factors include, without limitation: (1) the effect
of economic conditions in the industries and markets in which United Technologies and Rockwell Collins operate in the U.S. and globally and any changes therein, including financial market conditions, fluctuations in commodity prices, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates,
levels of end market demand in construction and in both the commercial and defense segments
of the aerospace industry,
levels of air travel, financial condition
of commercial airlines, the impact
of weather conditions and natural disasters and the financial condition
of our customers and suppliers; (2) challenges in the development, production, delivery, support, performance and realization
of the anticipated benefits
of advanced technologies and new products and services; (3) the scope, nature, impact or timing
of acquisition and divestiture or restructuring activity, including the pending acquisition
of Rockwell Collins, including among other things integration
of acquired businesses into United Technologies» existing businesses and realization
of synergies and opportunities for growth and innovation; (4) future timing and
levels of indebtedness, including indebtedness expected to be incurred by United Technologies in connection
with the pending Rockwell Collins acquisition, and capital spending and research and development spending, including in connection
with the pending Rockwell Collins acquisition; (5) future availability
of credit and factors that may affect such availability, including credit market conditions and our capital structure; (6) the timing and scope
of future repurchases
of United Technologies» common stock, which may be suspended at any time due to various factors, including market conditions and the
level of other investing activities and uses
of cash, including in connection
with the proposed acquisition
of Rockwell; (7) delays and disruption in delivery
of materials and services from suppliers; (8) company and customer - directed cost reduction efforts and restructuring costs and savings and other consequences thereof; (9) new business and investment opportunities; (10) our ability to realize the intended benefits
of organizational changes; (11) the anticipated benefits
of diversification and balance
of operations across product lines, regions and industries; (12) the outcome
of legal proceedings, investigations and other contingencies; (13) pension plan assumptions and future contributions; (14) the impact
of the negotiation
of collective bargaining agreements and labor disputes; (15) the effect
of changes in political conditions in the U.S. and other countries in which United Technologies and Rockwell Collins operate, including the effect
of changes in U.S. trade policies or the U.K.'s pending withdrawal from the EU, on general market conditions, global trade policies and currency exchange rates in the near term and beyond; (16) the effect
of changes in tax (including U.S. tax reform enacted on December 22, 2017, which is commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
of 2017), environmental, regulatory (including among other things import / export) and other laws and regulations in the U.S. and other countries in which United Technologies and Rockwell Collins operate; (17) the ability
of United Technologies and Rockwell Collins to receive the required regulatory approvals (and the risk that such approvals may result in the imposition
of conditions that could adversely affect the combined company or the expected benefits
of the merger) and to satisfy the other conditions to the closing
of the pending acquisition on a timely basis or at all; (18) the occurrence
of events that may give rise to a right
of one or both
of United Technologies or Rockwell Collins to terminate the merger agreement, including in circumstances that might require Rockwell Collins to pay a termination fee
of $ 695 million to United Technologies or $ 50 million
of expense reimbursement; (19) negative effects
of the announcement or the completion
of the merger on the market price
of United Technologies» and / or Rockwell Collins» common stock and / or on their respective financial performance; (20) risks related to Rockwell Collins and United Technologies being restricted in their operation
of their businesses while the merger agreement is in effect; (21) risks relating to the value
of the United Technologies» shares to be issued in connection
with the pending Rockwell acquisition, significant merger costs and / or unknown liabilities; (22) risks associated
with third party contracts containing consent and / or other provisions that may be triggered by the Rockwell merger agreement; (23) risks associated
with merger - related litigation or appraisal proceedings; and (24) the ability
of United Technologies and Rockwell Collins, or the combined company, to retain and hire key personnel.
Actual results, including
with respect to our targets and prospects, could differ materially due to a number
of factors, including the risk that we may not obtain sufficient orders to achieve our targeted revenues; price competition in key markets; the risk that we or our channel partners are not able to develop and expand customer bases and accurately anticipate demand from end customers, which can result in increased inventory and reduced orders as we experience wide fluctuations in supply and demand; the risk that our commercial Lighting Products results will continue to suffer if new issues arise regarding issues related to product quality for this business; the risk that we may experience production difficulties that preclude us from shipping sufficient quantities to meet customer orders or that result in higher production costs and lower margins; our ability to lower costs; the risk that our results will suffer if we are unable to balance fluctuations in customer demand and capacity, including bringing on additional capacity on a timely basis to meet customer demand; the risk that longer manufacturing lead times may cause customers to fulfill their orders
with a competitor's products instead; the risk that the economic and political
uncertainty caused by the proposed tariffs by the United States on Chinese goods, and any corresponding Chinese tariffs in response, may negatively impact demand for our products; product mix; risks associated
with the ramp - up
of production
of our new products, and our entry into new business channels different from those in which we have historically operated; the risk that customers do not maintain their favorable perception
of our brand and products, resulting in lower demand for our products; the risk that our products fail to perform or fail to meet customer requirements or expectations, resulting in significant additional costs, including costs associated
with warranty returns or the potential recall
of our products; ongoing
uncertainty in global economic conditions, infrastructure development or customer demand that could negatively affect product demand, collectability
of receivables and other related matters as consumers and businesses may defer purchases or payments, or default on payments; risks resulting from the concentration
of our business among few customers, including the risk that customers may reduce or cancel orders or fail to honor purchase commitments; the risk that we are not able to enter into acceptable contractual arrangements
with the significant customers
of the acquired Infineon RF Power business or otherwise not fully realize anticipated benefits
of the transaction; the risk that retail customers may alter promotional pricing, increase promotion
of a competitor's products over our products or reduce their inventory
levels, all
of which could negatively affect product demand; the risk that our investments may experience periods
of significant stock price volatility causing us to recognize fair value losses on our investment; the risk posed by managing an increasingly complex supply chain that has the ability to supply a sufficient quantity
of raw materials, subsystems and finished products
with the required specifications and quality; the risk we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings if our goodwill or amortizable assets become impaired; risks relating to confidential information theft or misuse, including through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusion; our ability to complete development and commercialization
of products under development, such as our pipeline
of Wolfspeed products, improved LED chips, LED components, and LED lighting products risks related to our multi-year warranty periods for LED lighting products; risks associated
with acquisitions, divestitures, joint ventures or investments generally; the rapid development
of new technology and competing products that may impair demand or render our products obsolete; the potential lack
of customer acceptance for our products; risks associated
with ongoing litigation; and other factors discussed in our filings
with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including our report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended June 25, 2017, and subsequent reports filed
with the SEC.
But in other areas, like in entertainment or
with start - ups, there's a higher
level of uncertainty.
These risks and
uncertainties include: Gilead's ability to achieve its anticipated full year 2018 financial results; Gilead's ability to sustain growth in revenues for its antiviral and other programs; the risk that private and public payers may be reluctant to provide, or continue to provide, coverage or reimbursement for new products, including Vosevi, Yescarta, Epclusa, Harvoni, Genvoya, Odefsey, Descovy, Biktarvy and Vemlidy ®; austerity measures in European countries that may increase the amount
of discount required on Gilead's products; an increase in discounts, chargebacks and rebates due to ongoing contracts and future negotiations
with commercial and government payers; a larger than anticipated shift in payer mix to more highly discounted payer segments and geographic regions and decreases in treatment duration; availability
of funding for state AIDS Drug Assistance Programs (ADAPs); continued fluctuations in ADAP purchases driven by federal and state grant cycles which may not mirror patient demand and may cause fluctuations in Gilead's earnings; market share and price erosion caused by the introduction
of generic versions
of Viread and Truvada, an uncertain global macroeconomic environment; and potential amendments to the Affordable Care Act or other government action that could have the effect
of lowering prices or reducing the number
of insured patients; the possibility
of unfavorable results from clinical trials involving investigational compounds; Gilead's ability to initiate clinical trials in its currently anticipated timeframes; the
levels of inventory held by wholesalers and retailers which may cause fluctuations in Gilead's earnings; Kite's ability to develop and commercialize cell therapies utilizing the zinc finger nuclease technology platform and realize the benefits
of the Sangamo partnership; Gilead's ability to submit new drug applications for new product candidates in the timelines currently anticipated; Gilead's ability to receive regulatory approvals in a timely manner or at all, for new and current products, including Biktarvy; Gilead's ability to successfully commercialize its products, including Biktarvy; the risk that physicians and patients may not see advantages
of these products over other therapies and may therefore be reluctant to prescribe the products; Gilead's ability to successfully develop its hematology / oncology and inflammation / respiratory programs; safety and efficacy data from clinical studies may not warrant further development
of Gilead's product candidates, including GS - 9620 and Yescarta in combination
with Pfizer's utomilumab; Gilead's ability to pay dividends or complete its share repurchase program due to changes in its stock price, corporate or other market conditions; fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate
of the U.S. dollar that may cause an unfavorable foreign currency exchange impact on Gilead's future revenues and pre-tax earnings; and other risks identified from time to time in Gilead's reports filed
with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC).
These risks and
uncertainties include competition and other economic conditions including fragmentation
of the media landscape and competition from other media alternatives; changes in advertising demand, circulation
levels and audience shares; the Company's ability to develop and grow its online businesses; the Company's reliance on revenue from printing and distributing third - party publications; changes in newsprint prices; macroeconomic trends and conditions; the Company's ability to adapt to technological changes; the Company's ability to realize benefits or synergies from acquisitions or divestitures or to operate its businesses effectively following acquisitions or divestitures; the Company's success in implementing expense mitigation efforts; the Company's reliance on third - party vendors for various services; adverse results from litigation, governmental investigations or tax - related proceedings or audits; the Company's ability to attract and retain employees; the Company's ability to satisfy pension and other postretirement employee benefit obligations; changes in accounting standards; the effect
of labor strikes, lockouts and labor negotiations; regulatory and judicial rulings; the Company's indebtedness and ability to comply
with debt covenants applicable to its debt facilities; the Company's ability to satisfy future capital and liquidity requirements; the Company's ability to access the credit and capital markets at the times and in the amounts needed and on acceptable terms; and other events beyond the Company's control that may result in unexpected adverse operating results.
Throughout this period, companies have been dealing
with high
levels of uncertainty about the prospects for the global economy, in some cases because
of aggressive deleveraging.
Risks associated
with the Consumer Discretionary sector include, among others, apparel price deflation due to low - cost entries, high inventory
levels and pressure from e-commerce players; reduction in traditional advertising dollars; increasing household debt
levels that could limit consumer appetite for discretionary purchases; declining consumer acceptance
of new product introductions; and geopolitical
uncertainty that could impact consumer sentiment.
Such risks and
uncertainties include, but are not limited to: our ability to achieve our financial, strategic and operational plans or initiatives; our ability to predict and manage medical costs and price effectively and develop and maintain good relationships
with physicians, hospitals and other health care providers; the impact
of modifications to our operations and processes; our ability to identify potential strategic acquisitions or transactions and realize the expected benefits
of such transactions, including
with respect to the Merger; the substantial
level of government regulation over our business and the potential effects
of new laws or regulations or changes in existing laws or regulations; the outcome
of litigation, regulatory audits, investigations, actions and / or guaranty fund assessments;
uncertainties surrounding participation in government - sponsored programs such as Medicare; the effectiveness and security
of our information technology and other business systems; unfavorable industry, economic or political conditions, including foreign currency movements; acts
of war, terrorism, natural disasters or pandemics; our ability to obtain shareholder or regulatory approvals required for the Merger or the requirement to accept conditions that could reduce the anticipated benefits
of the Merger as a condition to obtaining regulatory approvals; a longer time than anticipated to consummate the proposed Merger; problems regarding the successful integration
of the businesses
of Express Scripts and Cigna; unexpected costs regarding the proposed Merger; diversion
of management's attention from ongoing business operations and opportunities during the pendency
of the Merger; potential litigation associated
with the proposed Merger; the ability to retain key personnel; the availability
of financing, including relating to the proposed Merger; effects on the businesses as a result
of uncertainty surrounding the proposed Merger; as well as more specific risks and
uncertainties discussed in our most recent report on Form 10 - K and subsequent reports on Forms 10 - Q and 8 - K available on the Investor Relations section
of www.cigna.com as well as on Express Scripts» most recent report on Form 10 - K and subsequent reports on Forms 10 - Q and 8 - K available on the Investor Relations section
of www.express-scripts.com.
While the market has seemed comfortable
with Clinton, it's unclear how it will react longer term to her as president, and the FBI investigation adds a new
level of uncertainty.
In hindsight these setup outputs look easy and straightforward, the reality is that in the moment
of actual price action traders deal
with high
levels of uncertainty and this, in particular, is where Mella outlines
levels of patience and keeping her members psychologically focused.
In addition, Canadian companies are dealing
with heightened
levels of uncertainty related to U.S. tax and trade policies.
Research done at the Bank
of Canada and elsewhere, including conversations
with business leaders, suggests that the main cause
of weak investment is the high
level of uncertainty that companies are facing, particularly about future demand prospects.
This
uncertainty seems to have led to increased
levels of stress and anxiety, with 70 % of all US respondents reporting stress this year when thinking about retirement savings and investments, versus 67 % in 2015.5 Of those respondents who reported experiencing significant stress when thinking about their retirement savings, 65 % didn't know how much of their retirement savings they currently withdraw / spend or expect to withdraw / spend on an annual basis in retiremen
of stress and anxiety,
with 70 %
of all US respondents reporting stress this year when thinking about retirement savings and investments, versus 67 % in 2015.5 Of those respondents who reported experiencing significant stress when thinking about their retirement savings, 65 % didn't know how much of their retirement savings they currently withdraw / spend or expect to withdraw / spend on an annual basis in retiremen
of all US respondents reporting stress this year when thinking about retirement savings and investments, versus 67 % in 2015.5
Of those respondents who reported experiencing significant stress when thinking about their retirement savings, 65 % didn't know how much of their retirement savings they currently withdraw / spend or expect to withdraw / spend on an annual basis in retiremen
Of those respondents who reported experiencing significant stress when thinking about their retirement savings, 65 % didn't know how much
of their retirement savings they currently withdraw / spend or expect to withdraw / spend on an annual basis in retiremen
of their retirement savings they currently withdraw / spend or expect to withdraw / spend on an annual basis in retirement.
Examples
of these risks,
uncertainties and other factors include, but are not limited to the impact
of: adverse general economic and related factors, such as fluctuating or increasing
levels of unemployment, underemployment and the volatility
of fuel prices, declines in the securities and real estate markets, and perceptions
of these conditions that decrease the
level of disposable income
of consumers or consumer confidence; adverse events impacting the security
of travel, such as terrorist acts, armed conflict and threats thereof, acts
of piracy, and other international events; the risks and increased costs associated
with operating internationally; our expansion into and investments in new markets; breaches in data security or other disturbances to our information technology and other networks; the spread
of epidemics and viral outbreaks; adverse incidents involving cruise ships; changes in fuel prices and / or other cruise operating costs; any impairment
of our tradenames or goodwill; our hedging strategies; our inability to obtain adequate insurance coverage; our substantial indebtedness, including the ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, and to generate the necessary amount
of cash to service our existing debt; restrictions in the agreements governing our indebtedness that limit our flexibility in operating our business; the significant portion
of our assets pledged as collateral under our existing debt agreements and the ability
of our creditors to accelerate the repayment
of our indebtedness; volatility and disruptions in the global credit and financial markets, which may adversely affect our ability to borrow and could increase our counterparty credit risks, including those under our credit facilities, derivatives, contingent obligations, insurance contracts and new ship progress payment guarantees; fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; overcapacity in key markets or globally; our inability to recruit or retain qualified personnel or the loss
of key personnel; future changes relating to how external distribution channels sell and market our cruises; our reliance on third parties to provide hotel management services to certain ships and certain other services; delays in our shipbuilding program and ship repairs, maintenance and refurbishments; future increases in the price
of, or major changes or reduction in, commercial airline services; seasonal variations in passenger fare rates and occupancy
levels at different times
of the year; our ability to keep pace
with developments in technology; amendments to our collective bargaining agreements for crew members and other employee relation issues; the continued availability
of attractive port destinations; pending or threatened litigation, investigations and enforcement actions; changes involving the tax and environmental regulatory regimes in which we operate; and other factors set forth under «Risk Factors» in our most recently filed Annual Report on Form 10 - K and subsequent filings by the Company
with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
For example, the idea that the brain is a complex non-linear dynamic system is mentioned only fleetingly - leaving me
with the feeling that we had missed an opportunity for a useful discussion (such as perhaps making a connection
with the ideas advocated by Polkinghorne regarding the possibility
of chaotic systems «amplifying» quantum
level uncertainties up to the macro-
level).
The degree
of that
uncertainty is presumably small at the
level of the electron but greater
with entities such as ourselves.
«In an off - season
of change and
uncertainty, the overriding factor in Mark's signing
with Miami was Ozzie Guillen and the
level of comfort his presence provided Mark and his family,» (agent Jeff) Barry said in his statement.
However, when a hierarchy that's been in place for over two decades is upended, there's an especially high
level of uncertainty that comes
with the coaching change — no matter who's brought in.
It has led to complaints about Ed Miliband staying in his «comfort zone», but the logic is understandable: faced
with a
level of uncertainty about the outcome not seen since the early 1980s, both parties are focusing on their core votes.
«
With the
uncertainty and chaos that the Trump presidency creates on a national
level, we believe that having a strong government close to home is vital to creating a wall
of resistance to his harmful and divisive policies,» says Verena Arnabal
of
«
With the
uncertainty and chaos that the Trump presidency creates on a national
level, we believe that having a strong government close to home is vital to creating a wall
of resistance to his harmful and divisive policies,» says Verena Arnabal
of Indivisible Westchester.
Among the important factors that could cause Rio Tinto's actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those in the forward - looking statements include, among others,
levels of actual production during any period,
levels of demand and market prices, the ability to produce and transport products profitably, the impact
of foreign currency exchange rates on market prices and operating costs, operational problems, political
uncertainty and economic conditions in relevant areas
of the world, the actions
of competitors, activities by governmental authorities such as changes in taxation or regulation and such other risk factors identified in Rio Tinto's most recent Annual Report on Form 20 - F filed
with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the «SEC») or Form 6 - Ks furnished to the SEC.
Nor do I think we can continue
with the present
level of uncertainty about the future
of our deployment in Afghanistan.
It is a poorly - conceived, muddled mess that exposes patients to increased risk and lands frontline health professionals
with greater
levels of bureaucracy and
uncertainty.
The
level of agita over the mayor's role in campaigns outside the city underscores the
uncertainty over the Senate: The Republicans, who have ruled the chamber for most
of past 50 years, are clinging to power only by dint
of an alliance
with a Democrat, Simcha Felder
of Brooklyn.
With action on the back - burner until after the federal election, New York Farm Bureau Spokesman Steve Ammerman says there is a high
level of uncertainty for farmers.
«
With the retirement
of the shuttle program and the
uncertainty during the transition to a fully operational ISS, it's even more important that the talent
level, diversity, and capabilities
of the astronaut office be sustained,» said committee co-chair Joe Rothenberg, a former senior NASA official, in a statement.
However, there is
uncertainty about the relevance
of vitamin B12 treatment in non-anemic individuals
with moderate vitamin B12
levels.
«People are likely to react
with little fear to certain types
of objectively dangerous risk that evolution has not prepared them for, such as guns, hamburgers, automobiles, smoking, and unsafe sex, even when they recognize the threat at a cognitive
level,» says Carnegie Mellon University researcher George Loewenstein, whose seminal 2001 paper, «Risk as Feelings,» (pdf) debunked theories that decision making in the face
of risk or
uncertainty relies largely on reason.
The new approach contrasts
with previous ways scientists analyzed and came to conclusions about sea
level rise because it is «the only proper one that aims to fully account for
uncertainty using statistical methods,» noted Parnell, principal investigator
of the study conducted collaboratively
with researchers at Tufts University, Rutgers University and Nanyang Technological University.
For example, genetically engineered organisms used in the research laboratory to develop new chemical synthesis methods are not likely to require the same
level of public dialogue as products that have more
uncertainty associated
with them, such as organisms
with gene drives, which enhance organisms» ability to pass certain genetic traits on to their offspring.
That representation matches the public discourse around global warming, in which previous studies have shown that media characterize climate change as unsettled science
with high
levels of scientific
uncertainty.
This
level of outlook is reserved for the most extreme cases,
with the least
uncertainty, and is only used when the possibility for extremely explosive storms is detected.
Have discussions
with people who have careers in the biological sciences about what they are doing to assess whether it is the specific area
of specialization that is leading to your difficulty and
level of uncertainty.
The authors highlight this
with the case
of future sea
level, as larger
uncertainty in sea
level rise requires greater precautionary action to manage flood risk.
Our measured relativistic spin precession rate
of per year (68 % confidence
level) is consistent
with that predicted by general relativity within an
uncertainty of 13 %.
They show that as
uncertainty in the temperature increase expected
with a doubling
of CO2 from pre-industrial
levels rises, so do the economic damages
of increased climate change.
«The primary
uncertainty in sea
level rise is what are the ice sheets going to do over the coming century,» said Mathieu Morlighem, an expert in ice sheet modeling at the University
of California, Irvine, who led the paper along
with dozens
of other contributors from institutions around the world.
And the United Nations couldn't run advanced statistics on the forecasts, because there were no quantifiable
levels of uncertainty associated
with the projections.
«(A) the technical capacity to monitor, measure, report, and verify forest carbon fluxes for all significant sources
of greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation
with an acceptable
level of uncertainty, as determined taking into account relevant internationally accepted methodologies, such as those established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change;