Years of education, years married, age, number of children, race, marital order, and
lifetime alcohol problems were included as covariates.
[7] The consequences for children who have been exposed to
alcohol before birth may last throughout their
lifetimes, and include mental retardation, learning disabilities, conduct disorder, and other serious health
problems.
No significant differences between participants who completed all interviews and those not present for at least one assessment were found for minority status (minority vs. majority), Χ 2 [1, N = 386] = 0.72, p = 0.40, φ = 0.04), gender, Χ 2 [1, N = 387] = 1.26, p = 0.26, φ = 0.06, age, F [1, 386] = 0.04, p = 0.84, d = 0.03, parental education (some high school or high school graduate, technical school or some college, college degree or beyond), Χ 2 [2, N = 387] = 1.19, p = 0.55, φ = 0.05, marital status (caregiver married vs. not married), Χ 2 [1, N = 387] = 2.48, p = 0.12, φ = 0.08, family income, F [1, 361] = 1.29, p = 0.26, d = 0.18,
lifetime alcohol, Χ 2 [1, N = 387] = 1.82, p = 0.18, φ = 0.07 or cigarette use Χ 2 [1, N = 387] = 0.35, p = 0.55, φ = 0.03, internalizing
problems, F [1, 386] = 2.67, p = 0.10, d = 0.24, or externalizing
problems, F [1, 386] = 3.74, p = 0.05, d = 0.27.