Athletes with no concussions had
a lifetime diagnosis rate of 6.6 percent, in line with the male population as a whole.
Not exact matches
Inclusion criteria were a
lifetime diagnosis of bipolar disorder type I or II elicited by a trained psychiatrist (E.V. or A.B.); being euthymic (Young Mania
Rating Scale [YMRS] score < 6, Hamilton Depression
Rating Scale [HDRS]-- 17 score < 8) for at least 6 months; having sufficient data on the prior course of illness collected from a prospective follow - up of at least 24 months; and written consent to participate in the study.
The children who improved by their 3 - month evaluation did not differ significantly from those who did not on
lifetime diagnoses or treatment history, indicating that differential
rates of improvement were unlikely attributable to
lifetime course of illness.
Participants were adults, aged 18 to 75 years, with nonpsychotic major depressive disorder (baseline score on the 17 - item Hamilton
Rating Scale for Depression15, 16 [HRSD] ≥ 14) and without a
lifetime diagnosis of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or schizoaffective disorders.
For
rates of
lifetime disorders, we combined probable and definite
diagnoses because retrospective self - reports may underestimate past symptoms; however, there is support for their clinical significance when symptoms caused impairment.
Furthermore, a large proportion of comparison participants qualified for a
lifetime psychiatric
diagnosis (combining subthreshold and full
diagnoses)(Table 4), sometimes exceeding population
rates.40 It seems more compelling that differences at the mean age of 41 years between probands and comparison participants reflect differential development, especially because findings are highly consistent with other, briefer follow - up studies.
Of more concern were psychiatric
diagnoses of alcohol / drug dependence: among women and men, respectively,
lifetime rates ranged between 19 % — 24 % and 23 % — 40 % among NESSY - Os at age 26; and 11 % — 16 % and 19 % — 27 % among NESSY - Ys at 22.