Then in both examples, blow off the surface of any dust and use Zinsser Clear Shellac to as so to seal the surface (
I like the aerosol cans - but you have to use the spray outside) and apply a thorough coat of shellac over the whole piece.
The hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica was created by human - produced chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that came from things
like aerosol cans and air - conditioners and refrigerators.
Then - blow off the surface of all dust and use Zinsser Clear Shellac (again,
I like the aerosol cans - but you have to use it outside) and applit in a thorough coat over the whole piece.
Not exact matches
There are many smells that drive women wild, but the chemical fragrances
like those in most
aerosol can shave and gels are always a turnoff, so instead look for something with natural citrus or woody scents
like sandalwood, cedar or pine.
Avoid smaller
aerosol - style extinguishers (they look
like cans of hairspray), as they require you to get too close for comfort to the fire.
Aerosols can also have a cooling effect, if they are bright,
like the sulfate particles emitted by volcanoes.
«We've shown that under clean and humid conditions,
like those that exist over the ocean and some land in the tropics, tiny
aerosols have a big impact on weather and climate and
can intensify storms a great deal,» said Fan, an expert on the effects of pollution on storms and weather.
In particular, human - induced
aerosols like soot and combustion particulates actually work the opposite, reducing the amount of precipitation clouds
can form.
If you love dry shampoo, but don't want to use a store bought
aerosol can of questionable ingredients
like isobutane, butane and propane - this DIY dry shampoo recipe is for you!
At that time it was mostly available in
aerosol cans, so when I saw a dry shampoo in a talcum -
like powder form, packed in a tub with a brush - on applicator (it was by Jonathan), it was something out of this world to me and obviously, I bought it!
Sometimes a cloud filled with hot gas, ash, pumice and bits of rock is shot out of a volcano
like hairspray shot from an
aerosol can.
But other issues
like fragrant candles,
aerosol spray, smoke, and burning food onto a Teflon pan
can cause health problems with pet birds.
Consider pumps over
aerosol since the sound of the
can might scare your cat (may sound
like another cat).
Upon this temperfoam -
like expanse of raw backdrop, Shear unloaded a chorus of test sprays straight from their respective
aerosol cans, whipping a fundamental yet alluring rainbow calligraphy.
To think that we
can understand it well enough, soon enough, to be able to manipulate it in a delicate and foresightful way under multiple influences (CO2, sufate
aerosols, iron seeding of the oceans, etc) just seems
like hubris to me.
[Of course, this experiment is faulty b / c the thermal mass of the water is acting
like a hot water bottle...] Conceptually, however, you
can show your students the diffusion effect associated with CO2 and H2O, that the heat will eventually work its way out of the water into its surroundings [
like heat trapped in a hot rock], and that climate science is a complex endeavor because the CO2 signal is not the sole factor out there [although one of the only man - made ones — others: water,
aerosols, sun, et al]
At least with a model
like the MIT one used in Forest 2006 one
can (if the descriptions of it are correct) set the key climate sensitivity, effective ocean diffusivity and
aerosol forcing levels independently and with some confidence (I'm not the person to ask how much) that the simulated results reflect those settings.
«Climate models consider anthropogenic forcings
like greenhouse gases and tiny atmospheric particles known as
aerosols, but they
can not study a specific climate event
like the current hiatus,» said Yu Kosaka, co-author of the Nature paper.
There are much better arguments on other items where (C) AGW is on thin ice: climate models which fail on a lot of items
like cloud cover, overestimate the influence of
aerosols, can't cope with natural variability and therefore fail in their temperature forecasts.
As John discussed in his post, there are some issues with this hypothesis (i.e. we know observed forcings
like solar irradiance and
aerosols can explain most past short - term temperature changes without requiring major contributions from these «climate shifts»).
Now, a group of scientists at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) supported by the
Aerosol and Particle Technology Laboratory of CPERI / CERTH Greece have built and tested a new solar reactor design that includes storage so it
can provide round - the - clock heat
like the current fossil - fired method, but without the emissions.
Figures 20 - A to 20 - D, 19A and 19B show that the meshed models performance for hind - casting, despite the discretionary use of «cooling
aerosols», forbid and disprove statements
like «That's why one
can forecast the climate states to which we are going»
It is ever more shocking that publications
like «Foreign Affairs»
can still pretend they don't know SRM (stratospheric
aerosol geoengineering) has been a lethal reality for decades.
Turner's work, in particular, which often depicts brightly colored sunsets and emphasized natural light,
can be used to roughly estimate
aerosol optical depth — that is, the amount of particles
like dust, volcanic ash, smoke and sea salts in the atmosphere — at the time the painting was made.
At this point, it sounds
like you're saying that no, mankind
can not alter the albedo of the Earth through
aerosols or soot or changes in land use, and no, greenhouse gases don't exist.
It isn't
like tropospheric
aerosols can travel all that far or they aren't most concentrated at the source.
That current models underestimate the solar influences, even within the constraints of current models (
like a fixed response to
aerosols)
can be read here: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/StottEtAl.pdf
This seems reasonable to me, and I'd suspect that for example many
aerosol uncertainties may actually increase in the AR5, but it also seems
like a testable hypothesis which
can be applied to state of the art models hind casting observed and paleo - climate.
That is, there is still a fair chance that we
can «hold the 2 °C line», if strong mitigation of greenhouse gases is combined with the following three actions: (i) a slow, rather than instant, elimination of
aerosol cooling, (ii) a directed effort to first remove warming
aerosols like black carbon, and (iii) a concerted and sustained programme, over this century, to draw - down excessive CO2 (geo - and bio-engineering) and simultaneously reduce non-CO2 forcings, such that the final equilibrium temperature rise will be lower than would otherwise be expected on the basis of current concentrations.
There are multiple causes, giving rise to multiple effects such that the interactions among the various components —
like low - level ozone,
aerosols (airborne particles) and clouds —
can get hideously complicated.
What does seem to be known is that
aerosols fall out of the lower atmosphere (as high as they
can be launched with conventional bombs) in days, and persist for less than 2 years when launched into the stratosphere by a major volcanic event
like Pinatubo which was equivalent to several H bombs.
If you
like, you
can read a discussion of the relative inputs to
aerosol clouds here.
Aerosols will also change the energy balance, and depending on the characteristics and circumstances, and secondary effects
like influence on clouds,
can heat or cool the planet.
They
can either be directly emitted into the atmosphere (primary
aerosols like dust), or they
can be formed in the atmosphere by condensation (secondary
aerosol like sulfates).
Topics that I work on or plan to work in the future include studies of: + missing
aerosol species and sources, such as the primary oceanic
aerosols and their importance on the remote marine atmosphere, the in - cloud and
aerosol water aqueous formation of organic
aerosols that
can lead to brown carbon formation, the primary terrestrial biological particles, and the organic nitrogen + missing
aerosol parameterizations, such as the effect of
aerosol mixing on cloud condensation nuclei and
aerosol absorption, the semi-volatility of primary organic
aerosols, the importance of in - canopy processes on natural terrestrial
aerosol and
aerosol precursor sources, and the mineral dust iron solubility and bioavailability + the change of
aerosol burden and its spatiotemporal distribution, especially with regard to its role and importance on gas - phase chemistry via photolysis rates changes and heterogeneous reactions in the atmosphere, as well as their effect on key gas - phase species
like ozone + the physical and optical properties of
aerosols, which affect
aerosol transport, lifetime, and light scattering and absorption, with the latter being very sensitive to the vertical distribution of absorbing
aerosols +
aerosol - cloud interactions, which include cloud activation, the
aerosol indirect effect and the impact of clouds on
aerosol removal + changes on climate and feedbacks related with all these topics In order to understand the climate system as a whole, improve the
aerosol representation in the GISS ModelE2 and contribute to future IPCC climate change assessments and CMIP activities, I am also interested in understanding the importance of natural and anthropogenic
aerosol changes in the atmosphere on the terrestrial biosphere, the ocean and climate.