Today's most efficient photovoltaic cells use a combination of semiconductors that are made from rare and expensive elements
like gallium and indium.
Similar trends can be expected for other materials with a higher electronic band gap
like gallium arsenide or metal - halide perovskites.
«Gallium nitride is such a complicated system — not
like gallium arsenide at all,» says Bradley Weaver, co-author of the study.
These include radioactive drugs used for some diagnostic tests
like Gallium - 69, Iodine - 125, Iodine - 131, or Technetium - 99m, antimetabolites, and a few cancer chemotherapy agents.
Not exact matches
This process of film deposition is common for traditional semiconductors
like silicon or
gallium arsenide — the basis of modern electronics — but Cornell scientists are pushing the limits for how thin they can go.
They are indium and
gallium inside the semiconductor diode and rare earths
like europium or terbium in the phosphor.
The Empire is sweeping through the continent
like an unchecked wildfire and has its eyes set on the rich Ragnite deposits of the Principality of
Gallia.
While they need a lot of concrete for their foundations (a 1.5 MW turbine will need 200 - 450t), producing their materials isn't as energy - intensive as solar photovoltaic, they don't need purified silicon, cadmium,
gallium or anything fancy
like that.
The crystals Free and Sarswat cooked up are free of the more toxic metals
like cadmium and arsenic, and are much cheaper and more available than the rare metals such as indium and
gallium.
In the news we hear about the second generation of solar cells that use exotic metals
like copper indium
gallium diselenide (CIGS), and achieve impressive results.
As with its case against Apple, Boston University claims that products
like Microsoft's Surface RT and the BlackBerry Z10 include a «
gallium nitride thin film semiconductor» that one of its professors patented in 1997.