«New Horizons is the latest in a long line of scientific accomplishments at NASA, including multiple missions orbiting and exploring the surface of Mars in advance of human visits still to come; the remarkable Kepler mission to identify Earth -
like planets around stars other than our own; and the DSCOVR satellite that soon will be beaming back images of the whole Earth in near real - time from a vantage point a million miles away.
Last week, NASA reported finding seven Earth -
like planets around the star Trappist - 1.
Not exact matches
There's no scientific consensus as to how many of those
stars might be
like our own Sun, and how many may have Earth -
like planets orbiting
around them.
In a few thousand years of recorded history, we went from dwelling in caves and mud huts and tee - pees, not understanding the natural world
around us, or the broader universe, to being able to travel through space, using reason to ferret out the hidden secrets of how the world works, from physics to chemistry to biology, we worked out the tools and rules underpinning it all, mathematics, and now we can see objects that are almost impossibly small, the very tiniest building blocks of matter, (or at least we can examine them, even if you can't «see» them because you're using something other than your eyes and photons to view them) to the very farthest objects, the
planets circling other, distant
stars, that are in their own way, too small to see from here,
like the atoms and parts of atoms themselves, detected indirectly, but indisputably THERE.
Brain and his colleagues started to think about applying these insights to a hypothetical Mars -
like planet in orbit
around some type of M -
star, or red dwarf, the most common class of
stars in our galaxy.
«Astronomers find giant
planet around very young
star: Jupiter -
like «CI Tau b» orbits 2 million - year - old
star in constellation Taurus.»
Upcoming missions,
like the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite due to launch in 2018, will fill in the details of the exoplanet landscape with more observations of
planets around bright
stars.
The process will demand at least three years to find a completely Earth -
like planet: one that is in a yearlong, Earth -
like orbit
around a
star just
like the sun.
The scope's light - collecting capacity — made possible with almost 800 mirror segments just 50 millimeters thick — will allowastronomers to detect Earth -
like planets around other
stars, measure the properties of the universe's first
stars and galaxies, and probe the nature of dark matter and dark energy.
Prior to 1992, keeping track of all the known
planets around other
stars like the sun was easy — the tally stood at an even zero.
«There are plenty of reasons to be optimistic that we will find hints of extraterrestrial life within the next few decades, just maybe not on an Earth -
like planet around a Sun -
like star.»
After a decade of searching for
planets orbiting
stars like our sun, astronomers had found nothing but giant
planets, most of them gas balls
like Jupiter,
around other
stars.
We're going to need at least six transits, and I really think closer to eight, to be able to say yes indeed, we are finding Earth - size
planets around stars just
like our sun.
Looking ahead, NASA has no plans for a next - generation mission to study Earth -
like planets around other
stars, the most exciting astronomical discovery of the past decade if not the past half - century.
«We're always trying to look for Earth analogs, and that is an Earth -
like planet in the habitable zone
around a
star very much the same as our Sun,» said Kane, who is the chair of Kepler's Habitable Zone Working Group.
«Understanding the universe in its totality interests me more than looking for life on a
planet like Earth
around a
star like the sun, which is the declared goal of our competitors.
The presence of such thick dust clouds in the inner regions
around some
stars may pose an obstacle to the direct imaging of Earth -
like planets in the future.
«If we want to study the evolution of Earth -
like planets close to the habitable zone, we need to observe the zodiacal dust in this region
around other
stars,» said Steve Ertel, lead author of the paper, from ESO and the University of Grenoble in France.
«Understanding the mixing and transport processes that occur
around Sun -
like stars could give us clues about which of their surrounding
planets might have conditions similar to our own.»
«Looking
around the very nearest Sun -
like stars is the next logical step in the search for another Earth,» says Supriya Chakrabarti, an astronomer at the University of Massachusetts, Lowell, who is developing
planet - imaging technologies for Project Blue.
Project Blue's proposed telescope would have a light - gathering mirror just half a meter wide — so small that it could only look for Earth -
like planets around two
stars: the Sun -
like Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B, which along with the red dwarf Proxima Centauri form the nearest
star system to our own at just over four light - years away.
A privately funded small space telescope could soon seek Earth -
like planets around the sun's nearest neighboring
stars
A habitable
planet around Alpha Centauri would appear approximately 10 billion times dimmer than either of the system's Sun -
like stars.
Early in its mission, Kepler managed to find some tantalizing worlds, a handful of supersize cousins of Earth, most of them in clement orbits
around smaller, cooler, quieter
stars than the sun called M and K dwarfs, but all the setbacks made finding smaller Earth - sized
planets around sun -
like G
stars a very tall order.
They hope these bigger projects might be able to directly image Earth -
like planets around nearby
stars in search of signs of life.
On the face of it, detecting a moon
around a
planet orbiting a distant
star seems
like a spectacularly difficult task, but with a bit of luck today's technology may be able to do it.
Half of the water on Earth is older than the sun, a finding that hints at what
planets around other
stars might be
like.
Just
like the GJ436b, these might have been hot Neptunes orbiting
around more luminous
stars which would have circulated in their atmosphere that ended up leaving the rocky centre of the
planet bare.
Three of these
planets are confirmed to be super-Earths —
planets more massive than Earth, but less massive than
planets like Uranus or Neptune — that are within their
star's habitable zone, a thin shell
around a
star in which water may be present in liquid form if conditions are right.
Capable of collecting nine times as much light as any other optical telescope, it could discover Earth -
like planets in the habitable zones
around other
stars and search for changes over time in the fundamental physical constants.
Our solar system may have started out with several
planets packed closer to the sun than Mercury, much
like the
planets we see
around other
stars
Cassini scientists hope that studying these differences will tell us about how giant
planets form, how weather systems work under different conditions, and what
planets around other
stars might be
like.
The odds of an alien invasion got a boost from the discovery of vaguely Earth -
like planets around other
stars, but we still have no idea if alien civilizations exist.
While other techniques are best at finding
planets around nearby sun -
like stars, gravitational microlensing can study any
star up to 20,000 light years away.
The first
planets outside the solar system were discovered 25 years ago — not
around a normal
star like our Sun, but instead orbiting a tiny, super-dense «neutron
star».
That is because white dwarfs are 1000 times dimmer than
stars like the Sun, which are so bright that they overwhelm any reflected light from
planets around them.
The Gemini
Planet Imager GPI is an advanced instrument designed to observe the environments close to bright
stars to detect and study Jupiter -
like exoplanets (
planets around other
stars) and see protostellar material (disk, rings) that might be lurking next to the
star.
Intense radiation could strip away the ozone layer of Earth -
like planets around other
stars and render them uninhabitable, according to a new study led by Dr Eike Guenther of the Thueringer Observatory in Germany.
But those same statistics also indicate that
planets are less common
around binary
stars like Alpha Centauri A and B, and previous studies have largely ruled out large worlds
like Jupiter or Neptune there.
«Most eccentric
planet ever known flashes astronomers with reflected light: Extrasolar
planet swings
around its
star like it's a comet.»
Telescopes with mirrors much smaller would struggle to resolve any faint
planets flitting
like fireflies
around Alpha Centauri's
stars.
«If we start detecting
planets around stars like that, we can tell what happens to planetary systems when their
stars begin to evolve and lose mass and swell up and do all those unpleasant things,» he says.
This new generation of telescopes will allow huge advances in studies of the early universe, of Earth -
like planets around other
stars, and of the mysterious dark matter and dark energy that influence the structure and expansion of the universe.
NASA's prolific exoplanets - hunting satellite Kepler has found its strongest candidate yet for an Earth -
like planet in a life - friendly orbit
around a sunlike
star.
It's particularly true in the search for Earth -
like planets in the habitable zone
around stars, he says, which will have similar transit times.
«TPF will look at each of the nearest few hundred
stars for a few hours, and we'll know for sure whether or not there's an Earth -
like planet around it,» says jpl scientist and senior project overseer Charles Beichman.
The
planets» rotation is locked, so the worlds keep the same face towards the
stars they orbit, much
like the Moon does as it moves
around the Earth.
The result is important, Fortney says, because «we would
like to be able to understand the atmospheres of all
planets around other
stars.
With their gas depleted, it may be impossible for the disks
around stars in massive clusters to form giant
planets like Jupiter or Saturn.
The team found a point -
like glow
around the
star that might be a
planet weighing about 8 Jupiters.