Signs indicate that they, like the objects found by the same team earlier this year, are
likely dwarf satellite galaxies, the smallest and closest known form of galaxies.
Using old spy
satellite data from the 1960s, and comparing it to more recent imagery, he and his graduate students and colleagues have determined that tall shrubs, such as alder, willow, birch and
dwarf pine, have expanded their range and grown taller, indicating that the tundra is undergoing change,
likely as a result of increasing temperatures and loss of permafrost.