One geologist has calculated that — in terms of clay for bricks, gravel for roads, limestone for pavements, gypsum for plaster,
lime for cement and so on — roughly six tons of soil is shifted every year for every human being on Earth.
The estimates are also based on production data
for cement,
lime, ammonia and steel and emissions per country from 1970 to 2008 from version 4.2 of the Emissions Database
for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), a joint project of JRC and PBL.
In heavy industy, fossils fuels will always be required
for lime and
cement kilns, metal smelters, steel mills, foundries and metal casting plants, metal cutting and braising torches, all factories that make ceramics (e.g., bricks, tiles, china, glass, etc), all food production, processing and distribution, space and water heating, cooking and baking, BBQ's, manufacture of porcelain - coated metals, harvesting of wood and lumber manufacture, isolation of essential oils by steam distillation
for prepartion of fine fragrances flavors, etc because the fuels provide HIGH HEAT.