In response to threats from predators, elephants are known to produce a variety of vocalizations, including rumbles, roars and trumpets [21], but until recently the alarm call system of the African elephant has received
little systematic attention.
As in the broader family therapy literature, however, treatment approaches have been derived primarily from theories of family functioning and clinical experience, rather independently from research (Bry, 1988), and with
little attention to
systematic evaluation.