One indirect effect was found, with
low effortful control predicting increases in depressive symptoms through heightened levels of RNT.
Lower effortful control predicted changes in externalizing (pure and co-occurring) over 6 years, but only when parental positive expressivity was low.
Not exact matches
Depression and attachment insecurity of the primary caregiver and more distal family adversity factors (such as incomplete schooling or vocational training of parents, high person - to - room ratio, early parenthood, and broken - home history of parents) were found to best
predict inadequate parenting13, 14 and precede the development of a child's
low compliance with parents,
low effortful control, and behavior problems.13, 15, — , 17 These psychosocial familial characteristics might also constrain the transfer of program contents into everyday family life and the maintenance of modified behaviors after the conclusion of the programs.
For example, it is clear that
effortful control is linked to positive development, even in the first five years of life, since it has been associated with
lower levels of problem behaviours and has been found to correlate with and
predict low levels of negative emotion, highly committed compliance, high levels of social competence, and conscience.
Frustration acted as a general risk factor
predicting severity of maladjustment;
low Effortful Control and Fear acted as dimension - specific risk factors that
predicted a particular type of psychopathology; whereas Shyness, High - Intensity Pleasure, and Affiliation acted as direction markers that steered the conditional probability of internalizing versus externalizing problems, in the event of maladjustment.
For instance, the temperament trait of high fear
predicted mainly internalizing problems in adolescents, whereas temperament traits of
low effortful control and high - intensity pleasure (which expresses adolescents» pleasure derived from novel and intense experiences) more strongly
predicted externalizing problems.
In general, children high in frustration, impulsivity and
low in
effortful control are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of negative parenting, while in turn, many negative parenting behaviors
predict increases in these characteristics.
Moreover, Gartstein et al. (2012), in a longitudinal study that covered early childhood (from infancy till preschool period), found that higher levels of both surgency and negative emotionality
predicted preschoolers» higher levels of externalizing problems, while higher levels of
effortful control were linked to
lower levels of externalizing difficulties.
For the potential moderator effects between negative affectivity and
effortful control on ODD problems, we
predicted that high levels of negative emotionality and
low levels of
effortful control would be linked to ODD - related problems.
Low levels of effortful control and more fine - grained traits within this dimension (such as attention focusing, inhibitory control and low - intensity pleasure) were found to predict externalizing problem behavior, also when internalizing problems co-occurred [22, 2
Low levels of
effortful control and more fine - grained traits within this dimension (such as attention focusing, inhibitory
control and
low - intensity pleasure) were found to predict externalizing problem behavior, also when internalizing problems co-occurred [22, 2
low - intensity pleasure) were found to
predict externalizing problem behavior, also when internalizing problems co-occurred [22, 24].
In addition, there is evidence from population studies for trait - by - trait moderation, such that negative affectivity is most strongly
predicting externalizing problem behavior when
effortful control is
low [24, 26].