Some regions may even shift from being a carbon sink to being an atmospheric carbon dioxide source, 50,51,52 though large uncertainties exist, such as whether projected disturbances to forests will be chronic or episodic.31 Midwest forests are more resilient to forest carbon losses than most western forests because of relatively high moisture
availability, greater
nitrogen deposition (which tends to act as a fertilizer), and
lower wildfire risk.50, 51,53