The results showed that coparenting support mediated the links between parental depressive symptoms and child symptoms, but only for mothers: Maternal depressive symptoms were linked with
lower coparenting support, which in turn predicted increased psychofunctional symptoms and behavior problems assessed by mothers.
The most relevant finding of the present study, according to which higher maternal depressive symptoms would lead to
lower coparenting support, which would lead to higher symptoms in the child, is in line with the results of previous studies in the field.
Besides the links between maternal depressive symptoms and coparenting support, the existence of mediation effects suggested that
lower coparenting support was linked to higher psychofunctional and externalizing symptoms reported by mothers.
According to these results, two mediation paths were of particular interest, as higher maternal depressive symptoms predicted
lower coparenting support, which predicted higher psychofunctional and externalizing symptoms.
Concerning the second path linking higher maternal depressive symptoms to higher externalizing symptoms assessed by mothers mediated by
lower coparenting support, the unstandardized indirect effect was -LRB--0.040)-LRB--0.625) = 0.025 and the standardized indirect effect was -LRB--0.309)-LRB--0.517) = 0.160.
On the other hand, the mediating role of problematic family - level relationships, such as
low coparenting support and high conflict between the parents, has rarely been considered, although coparenting difficulties have been linked with both increased depressive symptoms in parents and increased symptoms in toddlers.
Not exact matches
More than half of parents in a
low - quality
coparenting relationship have a child support order or are considering establishing one compared to just 11 percent of those in good
coparenting relationships, indicating that child support is a valued resource for parents who no longer have a healthy relationship.
That is, parent - rated negative emotionality in preschoolers was associated with
lower observed and self - reported supportive
coparenting only in families reporting higher levels of postnatal marital adjustment.
In the Children in the Community Study, a community - based longitudinal study exploring the impact of parental psychiatric disorders in 872 families, paternal anxiety disorder was associated with maternal report of
lower assistance of their wives, frequent loud arguments with their wives, and poor fulfillment of family roles (Johnson et al. 2004), which can be regarded as indicators of poor
coparenting.
The Effects of Mother Participation in Relationship Education on
Coparenting, Parenting, and Child Social Competence: Modeling Spillover Effects for
Low - Income Minority Preschool Children.
First, Belsky et al. (1996) reported that
coparents of the subgroup of boys who had become less behaviorally inhibited at 3 years than expected (from their reactivity in infancy) showed the highest level of observed unsupportive
coparenting, whereas
coparents of boys who had become more inhibited than expected showed the
lowest levels of unsupportive behavior (note that in the same sample, higher levels of negative parenting of the father also predicted less behavior inhibition in boys; Park et al. 1997).
They also found that maternal report of infant reactivity was linked with mother reports of
lower quality of paternal
coparenting, less father involvement in child care activities, and diminished maternal satisfaction with the division of parenting.
Thus, the majority of studies point to bidirectional relations between greater
coparenting difficulties and higher levels of child anxiety, although there is some mixed evidence suggesting
coparenting difficulties are associated with
lower child anxiety.
In this study, fathers reported more negative maternal
coparenting (i.e., less support and joint family management) when they rated their infant as highly reactive and when they considered the quality of their prenatal marital relationship to be
low.
In general, the
coparenting pairs exhibited high cooperation (19 - 25 points), high triangulation (4 - 8 points) and
low conflict (5 - 11 points).
Although this result was unexpected, different explanations can be considered: First, we need to highlight that, in this
low - risk sample, the higher rates of
coparenting conflict behaviors, such as competitive behaviors, were rarely associated with increased levels of aggressiveness or negative emotions between the parents.
Child - linked triads (in which the grandmother — parent relationship is weak in spite of the child's close relationships) will be related to
lower grandmother - well - being for both custodial and
coparenting grandmothers.
The present study specifically aimed to extend these results by testing a mediation model according to which maternal and paternal depressive symptoms would lead to higher
coparenting conflict and
lower support, which would in turn lead to more negative outcomes in infants, measured in terms of difficult behaviors, and psychofunctional symptoms.
Second, in line with the results of other studies that unexpectedly found a negative association between triadic coordination and marital satisfaction in parents (Favez et al., 2011), it is likely that parents in a more positive family context — e.g., with a
lower level of
coparenting conflict — might be more able to develop reflexive thinking and thus be more critical in their assessment of child symptoms, whereas parents facing difficulties within the family might trigger defense mechanisms, such as denial, leading to a bias in the assessment of their child in a falsely positive way.
Thus, a high score on the support scale and a
low score on the conflict scale indicates positive
coparenting.
Higher
coparenting conflict, surprisingly, predicted
lower externalizing symptoms assessed by both parents.
In a different theoretical model, a positive and thus healthy
coparenting relationship has been defined as a high level of support and a
low level of conflict between the parents.
As expected, the average score for conflict was in the
lower range of the scale, and most families (n = 36, 52.9 %) obtained the
lowest score on the conflict scale, whereas only three families (4.4 %) showed the highest level of
coparenting conflict during the triadic play.
The interactive influence of neighborhood violence and
coparent conflict on child psychosocial adjustment was examined in a sample of 117
low - income, inner - city African American families.
Coparenting difficulties were shown to lead to more behavior problems (McHale and Rasmussen, 1998), more depressive and anxious symptoms (Katz and
Low, 2004),
lower social competencies (Cabrera et al., 2012), or
lower performances in Theory of Mind tasks during the school years (Favez et al., 2012).