Studies have also found that first - time mothers who had previously undergone abortions were more often single smokers from
a lower socioeconomic position, who had had miscarriages and ectopic pregnancies before their first birth.
First, our results may not be generalizable to other study settings in Western or developed countries where breastfeeding is strongly patterned by
socioeconomic position or in countries with
lower breastfeeding rates than Belarus, where more than 95 % of mothers initiated breastfeeding at the time of PROBIT.28 Belarus, a former Soviet country, is one of the countries with the least
socioeconomic inequalities as reflected, for example, in their
low Gini index of 27 in 2008 compared with 42 in Russia, 45 in the USA and 24 in Sweden.
African Americans at
lower socioeconomic levels, particularly women and younger adults, are at greater risk of heart disease and stroke than those in higher
socioeconomic positions, according to research in the Journal of the American Heart Association.