Sentences with phrase «lower than at the surface»

Not exact matches

The testing found that transitional ore between oxides at the surface and the bedrock sulphides is suited to CIL treatment, and can be processed at a 30 % lower cost than previously thought.

Smaller than a speck of dust and made up of a group of molecules, the nano - sized flower and petals provide a large surface area for immobilizing the highly active enzymes that are needed to detect the bacteria at low levels.

Besides having a larger - than - normal chin, a deep jawbone, and massive neck muscles even larger than those of today's bears, Kolponomos had odd grooves worn into the outer surfaces of the large canine teeth at the front of the lower jaw.

Spend 40 years by the shores of the Dead Sea, at the lowest elevations on the Earth's surface, and you'll age 48 microseconds less than someone living at sea level, and 750 microseconds less than the residents of La Rinconada in Peru, at an altitude of 5100 metres

Even though electrons entered only at the 1D atomic edge of the graphene sheet, the contact resistance was remarkably low, reaching 100 ohms per micron of contact width — a value smaller than what is typically achieved for contacts at the graphene top surface.

Long - term data from a wind farm at San Gorgonio, California, confirmed his earlier model predictions: surface temperatures behind the wind turbines were higher than in front during the night, but as much as 4 °C lower by day.

The quantities found on the incubator and cot surfaces were lower than those on the unit furniture, which were at levels comparable with residue detected in the homes of smokers, where indoor smoking is banned.

When snow melts in response to warming, more sunlight can be absorbed at Earth's surface because most surfaces have a lower reflectivity than snow.

Oils such as pentane have a low surface tension — 15mN / m — so they sag under gravity and tend to form a flat pool rather than a spherical droplet, meeting the surface at a low angle.

As a result, the remaining liquid at the bottom of the bubble is warmer, and so has lower surface tension, than liquid at the top.

Those conditions to form the inclusions would only be found at depths greater than 435 miles (700 km) in the lower mantle, suggesting the material cycled from the surface down to the Earth's interior.

Such stars have masses of at least eight times that of the Sun and high surface temperatures of 10 000 K or more, but they exhaust their hydrogen supply more quickly than starts of lower mass: over some tens of mil - lions of years, compared to billions of years for stars like the Sun.

POLYMER - METAL HYBRID LAMINATE COMPOSITES: UNDERSTANDING AND UTILIZING SURFACE CHEMISTRY AT THE INTERFACE: Reza Montazami Polymer - metal hybrid laminate composites have significantly lower densities than metal alloys and composites with potential for wide range of applications including aerospace, automotive, and biomedical prosthetics.

Shadow Complex comes to Xbox Live and more than projecting the revival of a genre out of use by industry it surfaces the difficulty of organizing a large - scale production at a low cost.

The NX 300 is still a little brittle at lower speeds over less - than - ideal surfaces, but it's exceptionally secure through the bends in a way that belies the inherent handling limitations of an SUV.

The first Q8 concept debuted at the Detroit auto show just a few weeks ago, featuring a lower roof profile and some sleeker surfaces than the current range - topping Q7 SUV.

was finally released, the pound jumped even higher as a knee - jerk reaction because the report looked good on the surface, with the jobless rate for the three months to September unchanged at a record low 4.3 % and the number of people who claimed unemployment benefits increasing only by 1.1 K in October, which is less than the expected 2.9 K increase.

And when the U.K.'s latest jobs report was finally released, the pound jumped even higher as a knee - jerk reaction because the report looked good on the surface, with the jobless rate for the three months to September unchanged at a record low 4.3 % and the number of people who claimed unemployment benefits increasing only by 1.1 K in October, which is less than the expected 2.9 K increase.

Vigorous convective mixing in the deep tropics also dilutes changes in near - surface CO2 much more than at higher latitudes, so low - altitude sampling contains relatively less information about carbon sources and sinks.

Lower temp might mean deep water would have formed and sank at a higher rate, depleting surface salt levels faster than usual.

We highlight that the Arctic Ocean surface becomes undersaturated with respect to aragonite at even lower CO2 concentration (than the Southern Ocean).

The temperatures at the tops of high clouds are much colder than the surface, and thus reduce the energy loss of the planet better than low clouds (which emit at temperatures rather close to that of the surface).

Personally I didn't know why globally there should be greater warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface.

Actually, though, most of the OLR originates from below the tropopause (can get up around 18 km in the tropics, generally lower)-- with a majority of solar radiation absorbed at the surface, a crude approximation can be made that the area emitting to space is less than 2 * (20/6371) * 100 % ~ = 0.628 % more than the area heated by the sun, so the OLR per unit area should be well within about 0.6 % of the value calculated without the Earth's curvature (I'm guessing it would actually be closer to if not less than 0.3 % different).

The overall spectrum emitted by the Earth is far from a planck distribution basically because the last diffusion surface varies with wavelength, opaque lines being emitted from the TOA, at its local temperature, much lower than the ground.

A stronger gravitational field will produce a lower, denser, warmer surface than a weaker gravitational field since the amount of solar energy retained by the atmosphere will be focused into a smaller volume and that amount of energy will be determined by the amount of mass available to absorb it at any given level of solar irradiation.

me warming of the earth's temperature, but that the observed rate of warming (both at the earth's surface and throughout the lower atmosphere) is considerably less than has been anticipated by the collection of climate models upon whose projections climate alarm (i.e., justification for strict restrictions on the use of fossil fuels) is built.

What's lost in a lot of the discussion about human - caused climate change is not that the sum of human activities is leading to some warming of the earth's temperature, but that the observed rate of warming (both at the earth's surface and throughout the lower atmosphere) is considerably less than has been anticipated by the collection of climate models upon whose projections climate alarm (i.e., justification for strict restrictions on the use of fossil fuels) is built.

Without the mixing of the deep water and the water at the surface, oxygen can not reach a depth greater than 300 feet, leaving the waters of the deep either too high in Hydrogen Sulfide, or too low in oxygen to sustain life forms (zambiatourism).

At some lower elevation these mesh surfaces will not be much warmer than the air, but if increase the elevation at some point the mesh should be considerably warmer than the aiAt some lower elevation these mesh surfaces will not be much warmer than the air, but if increase the elevation at some point the mesh should be considerably warmer than the aiat some point the mesh should be considerably warmer than the air.

You haven't explained how the temperature is maintained at the Venus poles, where less than 1W / m ^ 2 of incident solar radiation reaches the surface, and not much more reaches the lower troposphere.

The absorptivity / emissivity of surfaces may get more clearly less than one at the lower end of the LWIR region, i.e. around 4 - 5 um but that has very little influence on the energy radiated by Earth surface, because most of the energy is radiated at longer wavelengths anyway.

With a great deal of polar warming going on (more so than lower latitudes) it would be the opinion of many that GISS is more accurate overall if you want to look at the whole surface of the planet.

It furthermore ignores the fact that CO2 readily dissolves in water, especially at low temperatures and increased surfaces, such as in the top of clouds where the surface to volume ratio of tiny water droplets is more than 10000 times that at the surface.

If (a) the surfaces of both objects behave like a black body, (b) the surface temperature of each body is everywhere the same, and (c) the internal energy sources are equal (i.e., their rates - of - internal - energy - generation are the same), at radiation - rate - equilibrium the surface temperature of the cube will be lower than the surface temperature of the sphere by the ratio of the fourth root of 1.2407 or 1.0554.

The wind velocity at which the flow over the rural surface becomes Turbulant (a chaotic mixing feild) is lower than the wind velocity at which the flow over the urban surafce becomes chaotic.?

Not only did Greenland Ice Sheet surface melt in 2012 occur over a bigger - than - average area, it also began about two weeks earlier at lower elevations and, for any given elevation, lasted longer.

Water vapour has a far great cooling effect, because it reduces the thermal gradient, and so the thermal plot intercepts the surface at a temperature which is about 30 % lower than would be the case with a dry atmosphere.

Some models simulate a secondary maximum at around 100 - 200 hPa, with concentrations much lower than the maximum near the surface; this is primarily due to condensation of semi-volatile SOA at low temperatures but also due to OA accumulation above clouds, where dry and wet deposition is absent.

When heat stays nearer the ocean surface, forcing raises surface temperature faster than when more of the heat is distributed at lower depths.

Thus, at relatively high wind velocities a convective cooling of the surface occurs when the temperature of the wind is lower than the temperature of the pavement surface.

The temperature climbs much higher (than on Earth) so long as the lunar surface is basking in the sun, and drops much lower while the back radiation from outer space is only at 4 kelvins.

The fact that it is still substantially lower in temperature at the top of riser 2 than the surface temperature with no flow indicates that it is still getting enough flow to work OK.

In fact, the lower - tropospheric temperatures warm at a slightly greater rate over North America (about 0.28 °C / decade using satellite data) than do the surface temperatures (0.27 °C / decade), although again the difference is not statistically significant.

Warm water on Mars, boils - it's lacks atmospheric pressure lowers the boiling point to somewhere around 5 to 10 C. And 5 C water would not boil on Mars, but it would evaporate quicker on Mars then it does on Earth - because no where on Earth is drier than Mars [due to changing temperatures, frost does form on the Mars surface at equator and at nite - this requires the thin Mars air to become saturated - but generally very dry.

Extra energy arriving at the surface takes years to millennia to reach depths substantially lower than 100 m.

Since the mid-1990s, especially in the USA and Canada, human observations at the surface have been widely replaced with automated ceilometer measurements, which measure only directly overhead low clouds rather than all - sky conditions.

It is easy to see that the spectrum of outgoing IF at CO2 and water vapor absorption wave lengths are lower than what would be expected from the surface temperature of the earth.

While we are hesitant to extrapolate from very short data series (always a dubious procedure) it is entirely plausible that reduction in low cloud over the period could conservatively be estimated to have increased heating at Earth's surface by 5 - 10 Wm - 2, an amount more than sufficient to account for all the estimated warming over the period.

«what does happen is that the water surface radiates away at about 400W / m ^ 2, in fact the top few microns will be cooler than the water a mm deeper because the transfer of heat from lower down (conduction, convection, diffusion etc.) is slower than the loss from the surface.»