In August 1985, Lewis Glacier had an area of 0.09 km2 and released 0.15 x 106
m3 of runoff.
Glaciers alone provide 750 million
m3 of runoff each summer (Fountain and Tangborn, 1985).
In fact in a dry year such as 1998 glaciers yielded 110 million
m3 of runoff to Baker Lake, while other sources were below average, which amounted to 45 % of the total basin flow (Pelto, 2008).
Not exact matches
By August 1990, Lewis Glacier had disappeared,
runoff from the former glacier basin was 0.04 x 106
m3, only 27 %
of the glaciated flow, despite the presence
of some relict glacier ice, and that total monthly precipitation was the same.
Mechanical thinning
of ponderosa pine forests in the first analysis area
of the 4FRI project — 6,190 ha / year for ten years totaling 61,900 ha (15,300 ac / year; 153,000 acres total)-- increased mean annual
runoff from 3.13 million
m3 (2,540 acre - feet) in a simulated drought to 7.27 million
m3 (5,890 acre - feet) in a pluvial.
Depending on winter precipitation and the forest treatment schedule, mean annual increases in
runoff from thinning
of ponderosa forests across the Salt - Verde watersheds ranged from 4.76 to 15.0 million
m3 (3,860 — 12,200 acre - feet) over a 35 - year treatment period, 6.18 to 23.4 million
m3 (5,010 to 19,000 acre - feet) over 25 years, and 9.23 to 42.8 million
m3 (7,480 to 34,700 acre - feet) over 15 years (Table 2).
Using a simulation model, Brown and Fogel [40] found that thinning approximately 9,300 ha (23,000 acres)
of ponderosa pine per year over a 10 - year period produced increases in
runoff that ranged from 0.28 to 11.8 million
m3 / year (230 — 9,600 acre - feet / year).
Effects
of increasing (a) pace and (b) extent
of thinning treatments in ponderosa pine forests in Salt - Verde watersheds on increases in mean annual
runoff (million
m3 / year).