Abbreviations: ASC, apoptosis - associated speck - like protein containing a caspase - recruitment domain; ATM, adipose - tissue - resident macrophage; BAT, brown adipose tissue; CCR2, CC chemokine receptor 2; CHOP, C / EBP (CCAAT / enhancer - binding protein)- homologous protein; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; GPCR, G - protein - coupled receptor; HIF, hypoxia - inducible factor; IFNγ, interferon γ; IKK,
inhibitor of nuclear factor κB
kinase; IL, interleukin; IRS - 1, insulin receptor substrate - 1; JNK, c - Jun N - terminal
kinase; LDL, low - density lipoprotein; Ldlr, LDL receptor; LXR, liver X receptor; MCP - 1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; miRNA, microRNA;
mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NF - κB, nuclear factor κB; NLRP3, NLR (nucleotide - binding - domain - and leucine - rich - repeat - containing) family, pyrin - domain - containing 3; oxLDL, oxidized LDL; PKR, double - stranded RNA - dependent protein
kinase; PPAR, peroxisome - proliferator - activated receptor; STAT6, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6; SVF, stromal vascular fraction; TLR, Toll - like receptor; TNFα, tumour necrosis factor α; UPR, unfolded protein response; WAT, white adipose tissue
Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β - peptide; AD, Alzheimer's disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Ambra1, activating molecule in Beclin -1-regulated autophagy; AMPK, AMP - activated protein
kinase; APP, amyloid precursor protein; AR, androgen receptor; Atg, autophagy - related; AV, autophagic vacuole; Bcl, B - cell lymphoma; BH3, Bcl - 2 homology 3; CaMKKβ, Ca2 + - dependent protein
kinase kinase β; CHMP2B, charged multivesicular body protein 2B; CMA, chaperone - mediated autophagy; 2 ′ 5 ′ ddA, 2 ′, 5 ′ - dideoxyadenosine; deptor, DEP - domain containing
mTOR - interacting protein; DRPLA, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy; 4E - BP1, translation initiation factor 4E - binding protein - 1; Epac, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERK1 / 2, extracellular - signal - regulated
kinase 1/2; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport; FAD, familial AD; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; FIP200, focal adhesion
kinase family - interacting protein of 200 kDa; FoxO3, forkhead box O3; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; FTD3, FTD linked to chromosome 3; GAP, GTPase - activating protein; GR, guanidine retinoid; GSK3, glycogen synthase
kinase 3; HD, Huntington's disease; hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell; hVps, mammalian vacuolar protein sorting homologue; IKK,
inhibitor of nuclear factor κB
kinase; IMPase, inositol monophosphatase; IP3R, Ins (1,4,5) P3 receptor; I1R, imidazoline - 1 receptor; JNK1, c - Jun N - terminal
kinase 1; LC3, light chain 3; LD, Lafora disease; L - NAME, NG - nitro - L - arginine methyl ester; LRRK2, leucine - rich repeat
kinase 2; MIPS, myo - inositol -1-phosphate synthase; mLST8, mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8; MND, motor neuron disease;
mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC,
mTOR complex; MVB, multivesicular body; NAC, N - acetylcysteine; NBR1, neighbour of BRCA1 gene 1; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; p70S6K, ribosomal protein S6
kinase - 1; PD, Parkinson's disease; PDK1, phosphoinositide - dependent
kinase 1; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 -
kinase; PI3KC1a, class Ia PI3K; PI3KC3, class III PI3K; PI3KK, PI3K - related protein
kinase; PINK1, PTEN - induced
kinase 1; PKA, protein
kinase A; PLC, phospholipase C; polyQ, polyglutamine; PS, presenilin; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10; Rag, Ras - related GTP - binding protein; raptor, regulatory - associated protein of
mTOR; Rheb, Ras homologue enriched in brain; rictor, rapamycin - insensitive companion of
mTOR; SBMA, spinobulbar muscular atrophy; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia; SLC, solute carrier; SMER, small - molecule enhancer of rapamycin; SMIR, small - molecule
inhibitor of rapamycin; SNARE, N - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor - attachment protein receptor; SOD1, copper / zinc superoxide dismutase 1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TOR, target of rapamycin; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; ULK1, UNC -51-like
kinase 1; UVRAG, UV irradiation resistance - associated gene; VAMP, vesicle - associated membrane protein; v - ATPase, vacuolar H + - ATPase; Vps, vacuolar protein sorting