Just been looking up the sources for commercial CO2 and here is a short exerpt from google: «The most common operations from which commercially - produced carbon dioxide is recovered are industrial plants which produce hydrogen or ammonia from natural gas, coal, or other hydrocarbon feedstock, and large - volume fermentation operations in which plant products are
made into ethanol for human consumption, automotive fuel or industrial use.
Does it help that the corn is much more likely to be destined to be
made into ethanol than high fructose corn syrup?
Not exact matches
And Brazil, arguably the world leader in
making ethanol from crops, has been turning sugar cane
into fuel for nearly three decades — a process that is 30 % cheaper than corn - based production in the U.S.
A gasoline provider could blend
ethanol into their fuel to
make it less carbon - intensive, for instance — something Canadian fuel providers already do.
The endless fields of corn and soybeans blur
into the expanses of the American Middle West, fly - over country, where
ethanol plants and windmill farms have sprouted in recent years but nothing much
makes the national news.
Then, Dextre reached
into the module, grabbed one of four toaster - size, custom -
made, high - tech tools there, and proceeded to snip two safety wires, unscrew two filler caps on the outside of the module and pump a few liters of
ethanol into a small holding tank.
But the hardiness that allows aspens to thrive in nature
makes them resistant to enzymatic breakdown during fermentation, an important step for converting biomass
into ethanol.
The platform, which uses microbes to glean
ethanol from glycerol and has the added benefit of cleaning up the wastewater, will allow producers to reincorporate the
ethanol and the water
into the fuel -
making process, said Gemma Reguera, MSU microbiologist and one of the co-authors.
The fungus ferments sugar
into ethanol, the process used to
make wine and beer.
The rest can still be fed
into the corn supply chain to
make ethanol or grits or any of the other products corn is already used for.
Previous studies on switchgrass plots suggested that
ethanol made from the plant would yield anywhere from 343 % to 700 % of the energy put
into growing the crop and processing it
into biofuel.
Indeed, biofuels aren't really a stretch — humans have been using microorganisms to ferment plants
into ethanol ever since Stone Age people began
making beer around 10,000 B.C. Today's work hinges on engineering a perfect microbe that will eat the entirety of a plant, retain only a little of this food for itself and spew out the rest as a high - energy fuel.
But
making that dream a reality could harm local environments and would require developing new technology to harvest, process and convert such plant material
into biofuels such as
ethanol.
To recycle the skin, the device is soaked
into recycling solution,
making the polymers degrade
into oligomers (polymers with polymerization degree usually below 10) and monomers (small molecules that can be joined together
into polymers) that are soluble in
ethanol.
These carbohydrates are then exposed to enzymes that turn the carbohydrates
into sugars that can be fermented to
make ethanol or butanol.
Tina Engels of Chicago paints her soft - edged «Still Life with Shell» (2011) in a careful arrangement with dried flowers; Amy MacLennan from St. Louis paints broad gestures in «Lilac Study Gold» (2010) and
makes her «
Ethanol Plant, Peoria» dissolve
into the landscape.
The company they've bought
into has a novel approach to producing
ethanol that could use virtually any carbon source and would decouple that fuel from corn production, potentially
making it possible for cities to produce their own transportation fuel using their own MSW, eliminating some of the need for landfilling and the associated long - tail methane and CO2 releases from same.
For example: How much grassland and prairies are plowed herbicided insecticided fertilized and otherwise molested
into non existence to grow corn for biofuels, when grass
makes better
ethanol than corn anyway.
While there continue to be high hopes that biofuels
made from plant products like corncobs and switchgrass can help meet our growing energy needs, one major obstacle has been the cost of enzymes which are used to break down these tough plant parts
into simple sugars that can be turned
into ethanol.
It will still take massive amounts of land to produce the inputs necessary to create cellulosic
ethanol, and these inputs must be cheap enough such that they
make it
into the market place.
Gasification converts all of it
into syngas, which can then be used to
make a wide variety of chemicals, including methanol,
ethanol, or diesel.
Oils
made from algae usually have to be refined
into fuel following a batch process, but helioculture produces fuel directly — either
ethanol or hydrocarbons — that do not need refining.
«What
makes matters worse is that the EPA just mandated that more corn
ethanol must go
into American gas tanks.»
As long as the economics are there, he says, «Someone will build an
ethanol plant and turn corn
into fuel and
make a bunch of money.»
Almost all of these projects differ from the
ethanol being blended
into the US gasoline supply in that they are
made from inedible feedstocks, which sidesteps one of the critiques often leveled at biofuels: that they compete in with crops raised for people or livestock, driving up food prices.
Companies should
make use of infrastructures in place where capital costs can be minimized in order to integrate a cellulosic
ethanol industry
into commercialization faster and more economically, Burke said.
When these refiners
make ethanol, it goes
into the pipeline, outside of their control.
Wayne Hoovestol, Chief Executive Officer said: «Algae is potentially a by - product of
ethanol that
makes the process cleaner and greener through carbon sequestration... Algae production fits
into Green Plains» business model since we are already in the business of marketing biofuel and feed products.»
But researchers in Spain have discovered a way to break down the stone's cellulosic fibers
into sugars that can be fermented to
make ethanol.
Exciting new technologies are assisting with this transition: some convert fast growing grasses to
ethanol using biochemistry, some convert waste
into gases (a mix of hydrogen and carbon monoxide called synthesis gas) that are then converted
into ethanol, and others use algae or other microorganisms to
make fuel directly from water or sunlight.
The Co2s could also be captured and used for growing «algea» which can then be
made into biodiesel or
ethanol which is very clean and green for all our transportation needs.
Cellulosic
ethanol companies convert agricultural or forestry residues
into ethanol, while portable generators use similar feedstock, such as wood chips, to
make electricity.
How much fossil fuel (farmers diesel, natgas, etc.) actually goes
into the
making of
ethanol is a different issue.
The 7 % (from EIA) still stands and has nothing to do with energy content or how much fossil fuel went
into the
ethanol making process.
Shell was the first of the big oil companies to venture significantly
into the new biofuels, getting its toes wet in 2002 by providing money to a Canadian company called Iogen Corporation to research
making ethanol from plant waste.