(PhysOrg.com)-- A clever but simple new way of
making transistors out of high - performance organic microwires presents a potential path for products such as smart merchandise tags, light and cheap solar panels, and flexible...
Taking yet another tack, physicist Jan Hendrik Schn, with help from other researchers at Bell Laboratories, has refined a technique he recently described for
making transistors out of a layer of small carbon molecules.
Rather than
making transistors from conventional silicon wafers, they slice the material into sheets several times thinner than a human hair.
Gordon Moore was a genius and he had it right, but Moore's Law was tied to the Law of Scaling, which is how
you make a transistor smaller.
For example, it suggests that graphene could be used to
make a transistor - like device in a superconducting circuit, and that its superconductivity could be incorporated into molecular electronics.
You can
make transistors out of them in the same way you can with silicon.
The smaller you can
make a transistor, the faster it is.
The inexorable trend in electronics for the past four decades has been to do more with less — to
make transistors ever smaller in order to squeeze more processing power into a given space on a microchip.
The arrays are created out of silicon - nitride wafers, the kind typically used to
make transistors.
Adjusted for today's dollars, RCA and the other vacuum - tube companies spent upward of $ 1 billion trying to
make the transistor work in the market as it existed at that time.
He then
made transistors in which charges could flow through molecules that were well aligned with each other, and others where the molecules were misaligned across the grain boundaries.
It's the most imaginative work from Supergiant Games, which is a lot to say about the studio that
made Transistor and Bastion.
To take an example from the past, which I owe to Leon Cooper, a nineteenth - century development program aimed at the mechanical reproduction of music might have produced a superbly engineered music box or Pianola, but it would never have imagined a transistor radio or subsidized the work of Maxwell on the physics of the electromagnetic field which
made the transistor radio possible.»
For an additional $ 700, the AVR - X6300H adds 2 extra channels of amplification with 15 - watts more power per channel, and improves build quality with custom
made transistors.
Not exact matches
In my teens I used some of those
transistors they sold to build a device that allowed me and a friend to
make long - distance phone calls for free, even though we didn't really have anyone to call.
This transparent
transistor, which functions even when wrapped around a thin pen, could help
make flexible electronics widely accessible.
Researchers are now reporting in the journal ACS Nano a new, inexpensive and simple way to
make transparent, flexible
transistors — the building blocks of electronics — that could help bring roll - up smartphones with see - through displays and other bendable gadgets to consumers in just a few years.
Yang Yang and colleagues note that
transistors are traditionally
made in a multi-step photolithography process, which uses light to print a pattern onto a glass or wafer.
Brilliant minds reach back to childhood to help them develop tiny
transistors, study particle separation,
make microfluidics devices, and fight cancer
Microchips
made from tiny magnets rather than conventional power - hungry
transistors may enable intensive number - crunching tasks like codebreaking or image - processing using a fraction of the power.
Transistors are at the heart of the electronic circuits that
make modern computers possible.
Researchers predict the materials Intel and IBM may have chosen to
make their just - announced ultrasmall
transistors
Schn says the next steps are to self - assemble molecules of different shapes to see which ones
make the best
transistors, and to see how far these devices can be scaled down.
«However,
making dozens of devices, as we have done in our paper, is different than
making a billion, which is done with conventional
transistor technology today.
l Carbon nanotubes: Cees Dekker and colleagues at Delft University of Technology
made the first practical carbon nanotube
transistor in 1998, leading to the first carbon nanotube computer (see main story).
It is a simple device,
made of only 178
transistors compared with the billions in today's silicon computers.
«Manufactured diamonds have a number of physical properties that
make them very interesting to researchers working with
transistors,» said Yasuo Koide, a professor and senior scientist at the National Institute for Materials Science leading the research group.
While computer chips are typically
made of bulky carbon compounds, scientists at the Center for Sustainable Materials Chemistry at Oregon State University are looking to replace these bulky compounds with metal oxides, which would allow more
transistors to fit on a chip.
In a step toward
making display screens out of a material not too different from garbage bags, researchers for the first time have got plastic
transistors and glowing diodes to work together.
So it is unlikely that manufacturers will see the polymer
transistor as a cheap way to
make complex devices such as microprocessors.
There is a need for new material systems that can be used to
make field - effect
transistors sensors that work at high temperatures.
Materials that flip from insulator to conductor could
make more energy - efficient
transistors, although the metals are not yet close to competing with silicon
The Bell team, led by physicists Ananth Dodabalapur and Zhenan Bao, report in APL that they
made a similar
transistor but then crafted an organic LED along side.
Various methods of
making graphene - based field effect
transistors (FETs) have been exploited, including doping graphene tailoring graphene - like a nanoribbon, and using boron nitride as a support.
If
made transparent, the
transistors could be ideal for head - up displays in cars.
For several years, a team of researchers at The University of Texas at Dallas has investigated various materials in search of those whose electrical properties might
make them suitable for small, energy - efficient
transistors to power next - generation electronic devices.
In 1990, Garnier's team unveiled a
transistor made mostly from plastics; but this still needed some metallic components, such as gold and silver for the electrodes (Technology, 15 December 1990).
But engineers are approaching the limits of how small they can
make silicon
transistors and how quickly they can push electricity through devices to create digital ones and zeros.
But not yet: «There's a big step between
making one
transistor and
making hundreds of millions of them that all work.»
Mitra and Wong are presenting a second paper at the conference showing how their team
made some of the highest performance CNT
transistors ever built.
The device used a new process to
make this world record - setting organic
transistor, paving the way for a new generation of cheap, transparent electronic devices.
«Engineers
make world's fastest organic
transistor, herald new generation of see - through electronics.»
SMALL WONDER A new
transistor,
made with carbon nanotubes, is tinier than standard silicon versions.
Later, when I was thinking about graduate school, I read about a professor at Yale named Robert Wheeler, who was
making tiny one - dimensional conductors and
transistors — really skinny wires, basically.
In addition, these carbon materials can be
made smaller than silicon - based
transistors, which are nearing their size limit due to silicon's limited material properties.
Diluting these
transistor molecules with insulating carbon chains, Schn found that just one was enough to turn a signal on or off,
making a rudimentary circuit element.
They then attached strips of gold to both ends of each nanotube, creating a
transistor, and linked up to three such devices in various ways to
make circuits that would execute simple logical functions: flipping a signal from off to on or vice versa, turning two off signals into an on, storing a unit of information or creating an oscillating signal.
In their glory days, these outfits pioneered a staggering series of epoch -
making advances: the
transistor, cell phones, faxes, the computer mouse, color television, the graphical computer interface, radar, and much more.
These ultra-thin carbon filaments have high mobility, high transparency and electric conductivity,
making them ideal for performing electronic tasks and
making flexible electronic devices like thin film
transistors, the on - off switches at the heart of digital electronic systems.
The key is
making the insulator as thin as possible in order to switch the channel faster and pack more
transistors onto a chip.