Although greater early local production of proinflammatory cytokines at wound sites is beneficial because it is associated with enhanced healing, greater systemic production of proinflammatory cytokines can represent a
maladaptive response.24 Both physical and
psychological stressors can provoke transient increases in plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines, particularly IL - 6,25 as can negative emotions like depression and anxiety.26 - 28 More frequent or persistent stress - related changes have broad implications for physical and mental health; sustained elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines have been linked to a variety of age - related diseases, including cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, certain cancers, and frailty and functional decline.29 - 31