A covariate was included in the multivariate analyses if theoretical or empirical evidence supported its
role as a risk factor
for obesity, if it was a significant predictor of obesity in univariate regression
models, or if including it in the full multivariate
model led to a 5 % or greater change in the OR.48 Model 1 includes maternal IPV exposure, race / ethnicity (black, white, Hispanic, other / unknown), child sex (male, female), maternal age (20 - 25, 26 - 28, 29 - 33, 34 - 50 years), maternal education (less than high school, high school graduation, beyond high school), maternal nativity (US born, yes or no), child age in months, relationship with father (yes or no), maternal smoking during pregnancy (yes or no), maternal depression (as measured by a CIDI - SF cutoff score ≥ 0.5), maternal BMI (normal / underweight, overweight, obese), low birth weight (< 2500 g, ≥ 2500 g), whether the child takes a bottle to bed at age 3 years (yes or no), and average hours of child television viewing per day at age 3 years (< 2 h / d, ≥ 2 h
model led to a 5 % or greater change in the OR.48
Model 1 includes maternal IPV exposure, race / ethnicity (black, white, Hispanic, other / unknown), child sex (male, female), maternal age (20 - 25, 26 - 28, 29 - 33, 34 - 50 years), maternal education (less than high school, high school graduation, beyond high school), maternal nativity (US born, yes or no), child age in months, relationship with father (yes or no), maternal smoking during pregnancy (yes or no), maternal depression (as measured by a CIDI - SF cutoff score ≥ 0.5), maternal BMI (normal / underweight, overweight, obese), low birth weight (< 2500 g, ≥ 2500 g), whether the child takes a bottle to bed at age 3 years (yes or no), and average hours of child television viewing per day at age 3 years (< 2 h / d, ≥ 2 h
Model 1 includes maternal IPV exposure, race / ethnicity (black, white, Hispanic, other / unknown),
child sex (
male, female), maternal age (20 - 25, 26 - 28, 29 - 33, 34 - 50 years), maternal education (less than high school, high school graduation, beyond high school), maternal nativity (US born, yes or no),
child age in months, relationship with father (yes or no), maternal smoking during pregnancy (yes or no), maternal depression (as measured by a CIDI - SF cutoff score ≥ 0.5), maternal BMI (normal / underweight, overweight, obese), low birth weight (< 2500 g, ≥ 2500 g), whether the
child takes a bottle to bed at age 3 years (yes or no), and average hours of
child television viewing per day at age 3 years (< 2 h / d, ≥ 2 h / d).
[FN29] In type 2 cases (female - initiated violence), fathers should be encouraged to pursue primary custody of their
children; [FN30] in type 3 cases (
male - controlled interactive violence), both parents are poor
role models, but «the parent who can better provide a violence - free environment should be considered as the potential primary caretaker
for the
child,» [FN31] while in type 4 cases (separation and postdivorce violence), «a range of custody plans, including joint physical custody, are appropriate.»