Sentences with phrase «many electrons flow»

No electron flow?

Our cells break down the sugars, and the electrons flow through them in a complex set of chemical reactions until they are passed on to electron - hungry oxygen.

LOS ANGELES — Give a graphene layer cake a twist and it superconducts — electrons flow freely through it without resistance.

The smoother the seam between two materials, the more easily electrons flow across it; essential for how well the electronic devices function.

Our cells break down the sugars, and the electrons flow through them in a complex set of chemical reactions until they are passed on to electron - hungry oxygen.

As bacteria stream through a microfluidic lattice, they synchronize and swim in patterns similar to those of electrons flowing through a magnetic material.

Rather like electrons flowing without electrical resistance, at temperatures close to absolute zero, some atoms turn superfluid, flowing with no friction or physical resistance.

Thanks to quantum - mechanical effects, below a certain critical temperature some materials become superconducting: electrons flow through them unhindered by the usual electrical resistance.

But in a technique called adiabatic quantum computing, researchers cool metal circuits into a superconducting state in which electrons flow freely, resulting in qubits.

Natelson's research involves complicated electron flow through single - molecule transistors, as well as organic semiconductors — carbon - based materials that are intended to replace silicon transistors in some electronic devices.

When these nanocomposites were incorporated into leaf chloroplasts of living plants, the electron flow associated with photosynthesis was enhanced by 30 %.

That's a really small amount: Some 5.7 x 1018 electrons flow through a 100 - watt lightbulb every second.

Incorporation of CNTs enhanced electron flow associated with photosynthesis by 49 % in extracted chloroplasts and by 30 % in leaves of living plants, and incorporation of cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) into extracted chloroplasts significantly reduced concentrations of superoxide, a compound that is toxic to plants.

In superconductors cooled to extremely low temperatures, electrons flow unimpeded.

Ordinarily, electrons flowing in a metal lose energy as they ricochet off defects in crystalline material.

Hydrogen atoms are formed in such devices only when electrons flow into a fluid where they can combine with hydrogen ions; those atoms in turn combine with each other to create hydrogen gas.

As a read head moves above bits of magnetic data, changes in the magnetic orientation of those bits alter the electrical resistance of electrons flowing through the sensor, translating the magnetic data into a stream of electrical pulses.

Some researchers have hypothesized that the ripples might hinder electron flow through graphene, but that assertion has proved difficult to test.

In new superconductors, electrons flow through layers of iron and arsenic interspersed among layers of other atoms.

The borders between these crystals interfere with electron flow and have so far hampered development of electronic devices based on carbon.

And a cleverly designed and positioned solar satellite can avoid the shadow of night for all but 44 hours a year, so there is no need to store energy to keep the electrons flowing almost continuously.

Memristors, however, incorporate both electron flow and ions — electrically charged atoms.

Unlike superconducting metal alloys, which must remain within a few degrees of absolute zero in order to display their resistance - free electron flow, high - Tc superconductors can operate at temperatures around 77 kelvins.

At the same time, electrons flow outside the battery through an electric load from the cathode to the anode.

«In this tunnel junction, holes from the silicon solar cell recombine with electrons flowing from the perovskite solar cell using quantum mechanical tunneling,» said Jonathan Mailoa, a graduate student at MIT and co-author of the report, in an email.

«The thermal conductivity of the star crust depends on how electrons flow past these shapes,» he says.

Less evident is the concept that electrons and atoms can move cooperatively to stop the flow of charge — or, in the other extreme, make electrons flow freely without resistance.

So many electrons flow in a conventional cable that the current appears to be homogeneous.

But whereas those materials were made up of covalent bonds — in which pairs of atoms share electrons — these 2 - D metals are composed of metallic bonds, where electrons flow more freely among atoms.

In the current study, the researchers theorize that the laws of physics prohibit current from flowing in the crystal's bulk and top and bottom surfaces, but permit electron flow in completely different ways on the side surfaces through the hourglass - shaped channels.

The protons enter the surrounding solution of water and methanol, while the electrons flow through the palladium itself into oxygen molecules.

Batteries are handy because their electrons flow through an electrode (that nub at the top of a dry - cell battery) and from there are easily channeled into MP3 players, flashlights, toys, smoke detectors, and so on.

«With this discovery, instead of facing the challenge of how to use only the electrons on the surface of a material, now you can just cut the material open and you have light - like electrons flowing in three dimensions inside the materials,» said M. Zahid Hasan, a professor of physics at Princeton, who led the discovery.

«The term topological insulator is now quite famous, and the yet term «insulator» means that there are no electrons flowing in the bulk of the material,» Xu said.

However, apply an outside current to a secondary battery and the negative - to - positive electron flow that occurs during discharge is reversed.

And you can order characteristics that you need, for example, a certain electron flow direction or strength.

Graphene is an extremely good conductor of electricity, as electrons flow through graphene with virtually no friction.

This suggests that the electrons flowing through the tiny passage have their spin degree of freedom broken, just as electrons in a ferromagnet don't have the freedom to point in any direction but are lined up in a coordinated way.

That's exactly what a group of chemical engineers and biochemists attempted in a new study, embedding single - walled carbon nanotubes — microscopic tubes thinner than a human hair that can also absorb sunlight and convert it to electron flow — in living chloroplasts.

«This robustness of electron flow — the quantum Hall effect — is universal and can be observed in many different materials under very different conditions.»

While the negative electrons flow out as usable current, the positive protons are drawn to the cathode, where they recombine with returning electrons and oxygen to produce water.

Here, researchers are taking advantage of it — they're using these minuscule levels of electron flow to power the circuit.

What time of day the recharging electrons flow form a wall plug into an electric car's batteries also matters in this calculation.

When data is read, electrons flow the reverse route, back to the source.

When the device was switched on, electrons flowed single - file through each double quantum dot, causing them to emit photons in the microwave region of the spectrum.

Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode to generate electricity.

This has been achieved by coupling a gate sensor to a silicon nanotransistor where the electrons flow individually.

Working out how fermions interact in the relatively simple atom clouds could help clarify the key properties of high - temperature, frictionless electron flow, Sommer says.

That should not happen — normally, you need voltage to make electrons flow.

Indeed, the future of electronics lies in optical control of electron flows.