In any event, the problem for investors is that whatever increment we could possibly observe in GDP growth pales in comparison to the fact that the most historically reliable
market valuation measures are far more than double their historical norms.
Historically, we find that the least reliable
market valuation measures are the Fed Model, the raw price / earnings ratio, and the forward operating P / E.
So if we look at a range of
market valuation measures, whether it's Shiller CAPE, whether its price - to - book, whether it's price - to - trailing earnings, price - to - peak earnings, when we look at these measures, they look like they're in the, what we would call, the 10th decile, meaning generally, valuations are cheaper 90 % of the time.
Not exact matches
When
valuations exceeded even 12 times normalized earnings (on our most comprehensive
measure discussed above), seemingly «favorable»
market action was followed by profound losses averaging -69.8 % on an annualized basis (generally reflecting a few weeks of vertical losses until enough damage was done to kick the
market action
measures negative).
Moderate interest rates were associated with a whole range of subsequent returns over the following decade, and we know that those outcomes were 90 % correlated with the level of
valuations at the beginning of those periods (on reliable
measures such as
market cap / GDP, price / revenue, Tobin's Q, the margin - adjusted Shiller P / E, and others we've presented over time - see Ockham's Razor and the Market C
market cap / GDP, price / revenue, Tobin's Q, the margin - adjusted Shiller P / E, and others we've presented over time - see Ockham's Razor and the
Market C
Market Cycle).
Along with the steepest equity
valuations in U.S. history outside of 1929 and 2000 (on
measures that are actually reliably correlated with subsequent
market returns), private and public debt burdens have reached the most extreme levels in history.
As always, the strongest prospective
market return / risk profile is associated with a material retreat in
valuations followed by an early improvement in broad
measures of
market internals.
The results below are specific to methods we actually use, but I expect that they could be broadly replicated using any basic combination of
valuations (say, Shiller PEs), and
market action (say, moving averages or breadth
measures).
«On the other hand, using the same essential
measures of
valuation and
market action, but including periods of major economic dislocation into the dataset, produces average return / risk inferences that are substantially less favorable.
As a result, starting
valuations, on historically reliable
measures, are 90 % correlated with actual subsequent 10 - year total
market returns.
As always, the best opportunities are likely to emerge when a material retreat in
valuations is joined by an early improvement in our
measures of
market action (which, following our stress - testing earlier in this half - cycle, are robust to every
market cycle we've observed across history).
At Berkshire Hathaway's recent annual shareholders meeting, an investor asked Buffett about the relevance of two popular
measures of stock
market value: 1)
market cap - to - GDP, which Buffett once heralded as «probably the best single
measure of where
valuations stand at any given moment» and 2) the cyclically - adjusted price - earnings ratio (CAPE), which was made famous by Nobel prize winner Robert Shiller and was seen as accurately predicting the dot - com bubble and the housing bubble.
Market - Implied Duration of Growth (Growth Appreciation Period)
measures the number of years of future profit growth required to justify the current
valuation of the stock.
Presently, wicked
valuations are coupled with still - unfavorable
market internals on our
measures, and have now been joined by the most extreme «overvalued, overbought, overbullish» syndrome of conditions we identify.
The economic gains and
market returns that emerged during the Reagan Administration began from a starting point of 10.8 % unemployment, a current account surplus, and
market valuations that - on the most historically reliable
measures - were less than one - quarter of present levels.
At this point, obscene equity
valuations are already baked in the cake on
valuation measures that are reliably correlated with actual subsequent stock
market returns.
With the S&P 500 within about 8 % of its highest level in history, with historically reliable
valuation measures at obscene levels, implying near - zero 10 - 12 year S&P 500 nominal total returns; with an extended period of extreme overvalued, overbought, overbullish conditions replaced by deterioration in
market internals that signal a clear shift toward risk - aversion among investors; with credit spreads on low - grade debt blowing out to multi-year highs; and with leading economic
measures deteriorating rapidly, we continue to classify
market conditions within the most hostile return / risk profile we identify — a classification that has been observed in only about 9 % of history.
Among the
valuation measures most tightly correlated across history with actual subsequent S&P 500 total returns, the ratio of
market capitalization to corporate gross value added would now have to retreat by nearly 60 % simply to reach its pre-bubble average.
We've long argued, and continue to assert, that the most historically reliable
measures of
market valuation are far beyond double their historical norms.
The essential thing to understand about
valuations is that while they are highly reliable
measures of prospective long - term
market returns (particularly over 10 - 12 year horizons), and of potential downside risk over the completion of any
market cycle,
valuations are also nearly useless over shorter segments of the
market cycle.
Historically - reliable
valuation measures are remarkably useful in projecting long - term and full - cycle
market outcomes, but the behavior of the
market over shorter segments of the
market cycle is driven by the psychological inclination of investors toward speculation or risk - aversion.
It doesn't matter whether one looks at basic
measures such as median
valuation multiples over the past (bull
market) decade, or whether one uses a more complex discounted cash flow model.
Second, our own admitted difficulty in the advancing period since 2009 did not reflect a shortfall in either our
measures of
valuation or our
measures of
market internals.
These
measures include the S&P 500 price / revenue ratio, the Margin - Adjusted CAPE (our more reliable variant of Robert Shiller's cyclically - adjusted P / E), and MarketCap / GVA — the ratio of nonfinancial
market capitalization to corporate gross value - added, including estimated foreign revenues — which is easily the most reliable
valuation measure we've ever created or tested, among scores of alternatives.
Last week, the U.S. equity
market climbed to the steepest
valuation level in history, based on the
valuation measures most highly correlated with actual subsequent S&P 500 10 - 12 year total returns, across a century of
market cycles.
The
Market Climate remains on a Crash Warning, characterized by extremely unfavorable
valuations, unfavorable trend uniformity, and hostile yield trends, particularly long - term bond yields and various
measures of risk premiums.
While we prefer to compare
market capitalization with corporate gross value added, including estimated foreign revenues, the following chart provides a longer historical perspective of where reliable
valuation measures stand at present.
For instance, as
measured by price - to - earnings (P / E) and price - to - book (P / B)
valuations metrics, EM stocks continue to trade at a roughly 30 % discount to the broader global equity
market (source: MSCI, as of 3/31/2015).
Recent cycles provide no evidence of deterioration in the relationship between reliable
valuation measures (particularly those that aren't highly sensitive to fluctuations in profit margins) and actual subsequent
market returns.
Again, the problem is that
market valuations are presently more than double those norms on the most historically reliable
measures.
Don't criticize historically reliable
valuation measures that have maintained the same tight relationship with actual subsequent 10 - 12 year
market returns that they've demonstrated across a century of history.
The recent
market cycle has extended much further, but it has also brought the most historically reliable
measures of
valuation to obscene levels.
Despite my admitted stumble in the half - cycle since 2009, it's perplexing that the equity
market is at the second greatest
valuation extreme in the history of the United States, on what are objectively the most durably reliable
valuation measures available, but it has somehow become an affront to suggest that this will not end well.
Our actual expectation is that the completion of the current
market cycle is likely to wipe out the entire total return of the S&P 500 — in excess of Treasury bill returns — all the way back to roughly October 1997; an outcome that would require a
market retreat no larger than it experienced in the past two cycles, and that would not even carry historically reliable
valuation measures to materially undervalued levels (see When You Look Back On This Moment In History).
Even within my dividend portfolio, I combine DCA (with automatic DRIP), and
market timing strategies (by using PE as a
valuation measure in deciding whether to add to existing positions or buy into new ones).
In our 1Q2015 letter, we noted that equity -
market valuations were at dangerous levels by three different
measures: the CAPE ratio, the Q - ratio, and the Buffett indicator, which are discussed at length in our last letter.
Wall Street analysts love to
measure the stock
market based on various price metrics, performance metrics and
valuation metrics.
One way to assess broad
market value and expected returns is to look at a relative
valuation measure and track subsequent
market returns.
As usual, I don't place too much emphasis on this sort of forecast, but to the extent that I make any comments at all about the outlook for 2006, the bottom line is this: 1) we can't rule out modest potential for stock appreciation, which would require the maintenance or expansion of already high price / peak earnings multiples; 2) we also should recognize an uncomfortably large potential for
market losses, particularly given that the current bull
market has now outlived the median and average bull, yet at higher
valuations than most bulls have achieved, a flat yield curve with rising interest rate pressures, an extended period of internal divergence as
measured by breadth and other
market action, and complacency at best and excessive bullishness at worst, as
measured by various sentiment indicators; 3) there is a moderate but still not compelling risk of an oncoming recession, which would become more of a factor if we observe a substantial widening of credit spreads and weakness in the ISM Purchasing Managers Index in the months ahead, and; 4) there remains substantial potential for U.S. dollar weakness coupled with «unexpectedly» persistent inflation pressures, particularly if we do observe economic weakness.
I have several models that take the
measure of equity
valuations, and they all reach the same conclusion — this
market is stretched.
Hump # 1 was a massive speculative surge that separated the stock
market from all reasonable
measures of fair
valuation.
Our
measures of
market action are still broadly unfavorable, and allowing even the mildest adjustment for profit margins and the position of earnings in the economic cycle,
valuations remain rich.
As Graham and Dodd wrote in Security Analysis (1934), referring to the final advance that led to the 1929
market peak, the reason investors shifted their attention away from historically - reliable
measures of
valuation was «first, that the records of the past were proving an undependable guide to investment; and, second, that the rewards offered by the future had become irresistibly alluring.»
Among the
valuation measures having the strongest correlation with actual subsequent
market returns, current levels are actually within 10 % of the March 2000 extreme.
For example, our effort to carefully account for the impact of foreign revenues, and to create an apples - to - apples
measure of general equity
valuation led us to introduce MarketCap / GVA, which is better correlated with actual subsequent 10 - 12 year
market returns than any of scores of
measures we've studied.
Since
valuation is something I've never overlooked, the periodic challenges I've encountered in the past three decades have invariably centered on
measures of
market action.
In the early 1920s, stock
market valuation was comparatively low, as
measured by the inflation - adjusted present value of future dividends.
At present, we continue to identify one of the most hostile
market environments we've observed in a century of historical data, not only because obscene
valuations and extreme «overvalued, overbought, overbullish» syndromes are in place, but also because our
measures of
market internals remain in a deteriorating condition.
On the basis of the most reliable
valuation measures we identify (those most tightly correlated with actual subsequent 10 - 12 year S&P 500 total returns), current
market valuations stand about 140 - 165 % above historical norms.
Indeed, if improvement in
market internals is joined by a material retreat in
valuations, we would expect to shift to a constructive or aggressive outlook (even if
valuation measures were still well - above historical norms).