More frequent sibling bullying was associated with lower social class and with higher levels of
maternal depression during pregnancy.
Plant and colleagues, in a very interesting and elegant study (1), found that
maternal depression during pregnancy was associated with: offspring depression in adulthood (OR 3.4), maternal depression during offspring's childhood (OR 4.8), and with offspring exposure to child maltreatment (OR 2.4).
At paper's discussion, it is stated «we did not find that exposure to maternal depression after birth contributes to this association (
maternal depression during pregnancy with offspring depression in adulthood).
Maternal depression during pregnancy and the postnatal period: risks and possible mechanisms for offspring depression at age 18 years
Studies have shown that
maternal depression during pregnancy predicts offspring depression in adolescence.
Since after adding the childhood factors there is no statistical correlation of
maternal depression during pregnancy with offspring depression in adulthood anymore, this seems suggestive that
maternal depression during pregnancy is more probably a marker of mothers with higher risk of developing depression during offspring childhood and of offering / allowing maladaptive parental behaviour.
California is set to vote on a bill that would mandate screening for
maternal depression during pregnancy and after birth.
Not exact matches
Topics covered include the emotional repercussions of infertility and miscarriage,
depression during pregnancy, postpartum
depression and anxiety, and the impact of
maternal depression on spouse and family.
Some women note the onset of milder depressive symptoms
during their
pregnancy, hence the broader term «
Maternal Depression».
Typically,
maternal depression increases
pregnancy risks — such as preterm delivery — and use of SSRIs
during pregnancy were previously associated with «congenital anomalies, neonatal withdrawal syndrome, and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.»
Marital status disparities in
maternal smoking
during pregnancy, breastfeeding and
maternal depression.
Regarding treatment, the authors note that
maternal depression itself carries risks for the fetus, and the benefits of using SSRI
during pregnancy should be considered carefully against the potential harm.
Biological factors such as
maternal nutritional status
during pregnancy, low infant birth weight, premature birth, poor infant physical growth and nutritional status at follow - up were not as strongly linked to cognitive ability as the socio - environmental factors assessed
during the study: home environment,
maternal depression, parental education and socio - economic status.
A covariate was included in the multivariate analyses if theoretical or empirical evidence supported its role as a risk factor for obesity, if it was a significant predictor of obesity in univariate regression models, or if including it in the full multivariate model led to a 5 % or greater change in the OR.48 Model 1 includes
maternal IPV exposure, race / ethnicity (black, white, Hispanic, other / unknown), child sex (male, female),
maternal age (20 - 25, 26 - 28, 29 - 33, 34 - 50 years),
maternal education (less than high school, high school graduation, beyond high school),
maternal nativity (US born, yes or no), child age in months, relationship with father (yes or no),
maternal smoking
during pregnancy (yes or no),
maternal depression (as measured by a CIDI - SF cutoff score ≥ 0.5),
maternal BMI (normal / underweight, overweight, obese), low birth weight (< 2500 g, ≥ 2500 g), whether the child takes a bottle to bed at age 3 years (yes or no), and average hours of child television viewing per day at age 3 years (< 2 h / d, ≥ 2 h / d).
This finding persisted even when controlling for obesity at age 3 years, several postulated intermediates (including child bottle - feeding and television viewing), and ostensible confounders such as
maternal depression,
maternal smoking
during pregnancy, child birth weight, and other relevant covariates.
Previous studies have indicated that the following covariates, had been assessed in the HBC Study, are associated with early infantile aggression (Alink et al., 2006; Hay, Mundy et al., 2011; Tremblay et al., 2004): (a)
maternal age, (b) paternal age, (c)
maternal years of education, (d) paternal years of education, (e) marital status of the mother
during early
pregnancy, (f) annual household income, (g)
maternal history of
depression and / or anxiety disorders, and (h) infant gender.
Dr. Salisbury discusses research in which in utero exposure to
maternal depression (with and without pharmacological treatment) was found to have some apparent influence on infants» postnatal behavioral outcomes at one month following birth, reinforcing the importance of focusing on remission of
maternal depression symptoms
during pregnancy.
An increased risk of physical and emotional / behavioural problems has consistently been observed in the offspring of mothers suffering from
depression in the perinatal period.9, 10 Probably, complex interactions between several pathways may explain this phenomenon, including biological mechanisms (eg, fetal exposure to
maternal stress hormones), behavioural and emotional features (eg, poorer prenatal care and attachment style of depressed mothers) and genetic predisposition transmitted to the offspring.10 In addition to
depression during pregnancy and postpartum, exposure to ADs is another major concern.
Maternal depression, also known as perinatal
depression, encompasses various mood disorders that occur
during pregnancy or postpartum.
For example, effects of
maternal depression or anxiety may be more harmful to the fetus or the infant than the effects of medication that cross the placenta
during pregnancy or transfer via breast milk.
For example, effects of
maternal depression or anxiety can be more harmful to the fetus or the infant than the effects of medication that cross the placenta
during pregnancy or transfer via breast milk.
Addressing critical health risk factors such as
maternal depression, domestic violence, and tobacco use
during pregnancy and infancy reduces health care costs in the long term and can improve families» economic security.
Other significant risk factors were mother smoking
during pregnancy, postpartum
maternal depression, and low income.
Maternal or perinatal
depression encompasses a range of mood disorders that can affect a woman
during pregnancy, around the time of birth and through the child's first year.
Maternal Mental Health NOW is thrilled to offer our self - paced online certification training on perinatal mood and anxiety disorders, including
depression and anxiety
during pregnancy, postpartum
depression and anxiety, OCD, and postpartum psychosis.
These included
maternal age at delivery, parity (1, 2, ≥ 3 children), socioeconomic position (grouped into four categories: 1) unskilled / semiskilled manual; 2) skilled manual / nonmanual; 3) managerial / technical; and 4) professional),
maternal education (< O level: indicating no qualification; O level: indicating completion of school examinations at age 16; and > O level: indicating completion of college or university education at or after age 18),
maternal smoking
during first trimester in
pregnancy (yes / no), housing tenure (mortgaged, subsidised renting, private renting), income (measured in quintiles), and
maternal depressive symptoms measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal
Depression Scale [40] at 32 weeks gestation
In order to assess the unique contribution of the level of relationship satisfaction, multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed with the following independent control variables: stressful life events,
maternal age, level of education, income, marital status, social support, breastfeeding, smoking
during pregnancy,
maternal depression and the sex of the offspring.
Adverse effects of perinatal
depression on the mother — child interaction are well documented; however, the influence of
maternal — fetal bonding
during pregnancy on postpartum bonding has not been clearly identified.
Data from 80 women were analyzed for associations of symptoms of
depression and anxiety as well as maternal bonding during pregnancy to maternal bonding in the postpartum period using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the State — Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Pregnancy Related Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ - R), the Maternal — Fetal Attachment Scale (MFAS) and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (
depression and anxiety as well as
maternal bonding during pregnancy to maternal bonding in the postpartum period using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the State — Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Pregnancy Related Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ - R), the Maternal — Fetal Attachment Scale (MFAS) and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PB
maternal bonding
during pregnancy to maternal bonding in the postpartum period using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the State — Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Pregnancy Related Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ - R), the Maternal — Fetal Attachment Scale (MFAS) and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (P
pregnancy to
maternal bonding in the postpartum period using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the State — Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Pregnancy Related Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ - R), the Maternal — Fetal Attachment Scale (MFAS) and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PB
maternal bonding in the postpartum period using the Edinburgh Postnatal
Depression Scale (EPDS), the State — Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Pregnancy Related Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ - R), the Maternal — Fetal Attachment Scale (MFAS) and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (
Depression Scale (EPDS), the State — Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the
Pregnancy Related Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ - R), the Maternal — Fetal Attachment Scale (MFAS) and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (P
Pregnancy Related Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ - R), the
Maternal — Fetal Attachment Scale (MFAS) and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PB
Maternal — Fetal Attachment Scale (MFAS) and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ - 16).