Sentences with phrase «mean precipitation as»

Dispersal of the plant strategy elements given in Table II using the input variables of mean temperature as objective 1 and mean precipitation as objective 2 is shown in Figure VI.

Not exact matches

Earlier spring - like weather means more of the precipitation will not be stored as long in the mountains, which can result in lower river and reservoir levels during late summer and early fall.

«Since the precipitation is likely to fall as snow this could mean either earlier or later timing of snowmelt.»

The records showed that precipitation and temperature patterns had hardly fluctuated during the period, meaning that the amount of water flowing into the lake from nearby streams is likely the same today as it was in 1847.

Attempts have been made to use aircraft to release dry ice in the vicinity of hurricanes with the aim of increasing precipitation as a means of dissipating energy.

And even in wet years, warmer temperatures could mean that more precipitation falls as rain, not snow, setting up the possibility that many more years will see an April 1 with very little snow.

However, the warm coastal waters could mean that any precipitation that does fall would do so as rain and not snow, which is keenly needed in the mountains to help provide a source of water in the warm months.

On top of that, temperatures have been extremely warm — the winter of 2014 - 2015 was the hottest on record for California — which meant that what precipitation did fall often did so as rain and not snow.

The axis «objective 1» (mean temperature, x) and «objective 2» (mean precipitation, y) are n objective functions which may be expressed as Z in the following:

Mean temperature was noted as A1 (n,..., n), precipitation was noted as A2 (n,..., n), mean ground frost frequency was given as A3 (n,..., n), altitude was noted as A4 (n,..., n), the number of species was noted as B (n,..., n).

The mean precipitation taken over area with precipitation for any given day can be considered as the wet - day mean precipitation and provides an indicator for the mean precipitation intensity.

The differences in the area of evaporation and precipitation has a similar effect as a funnel: if the mean evaporation over a large area is returned a smaller, then the mean intensity is amplified by the factor of.

«The global mean latent heat flux is required to exceed 80 W m — 2 to close the surface energy balance in Figure 2.11, and comes close to the 85 W m — 2 considered as upper limit by Trenberth and Fasullo (2012b) in view of current uncertainties in precipitation retrieval in the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP, Adler et al., 2012)(the latent heat flux corresponds to the energy equivalent of evaporation, which globally equals precipitation; thus its magnitude may be constrained by global precipitatioprecipitation retrieval in the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP, Adler et al., 2012)(the latent heat flux corresponds to the energy equivalent of evaporation, which globally equals precipitation; thus its magnitude may be constrained by global precipitatioPrecipitation Climatology Project (GPCP, Adler et al., 2012)(the latent heat flux corresponds to the energy equivalent of evaporation, which globally equals precipitation; thus its magnitude may be constrained by global precipitatioprecipitation; thus its magnitude may be constrained by global precipitationprecipitation estimates).

The latter answer was not on what I asked, as that was meant if a lower inflow of salty water (via the Gulf Stream in negative NAO conditions), may be the cause (with relative constant fresh water inflow / precipitation).

As Isaac says, global mean precipitation is a less useful summary statistic than global mean temperature, if you are interested in what life will be like in a doubled CO2 world.

The ECMWF provides data for some climate indices, such as the global mean temperature, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has a web site for extreme temperatures and precipitation around the world with an interactive map, showing the warmest and coldest sites on the continents.

This criterion may not be satisfied if observations are available only over a short time period (as is the case for the vertical structure of clouds), or if the predictor is defined through low - frequency variability (trends, decadal variability), or if there is a lack of consistency among available datasets (as in the case for global - mean precipitation and surface fluxes).

As for how this could be — and in light of the findings of the references listed above — Rankl et al. reasoned that «considering increasing precipitation in winter and decreasing summer mean and minimum temperatures across the upper Indus Basin since the 1960s,» plus the «short response times of small glaciers,» it is only logical to conclude that these facts «suggest a shift from negative to balanced or positive mass budgets in the 1980s or 1990s or even earlier, induced by changing climatic conditions since the 1960s.»

Above - average precipitation in California and other parts of the West doesn't necessarily mean there will be fewer wildfires this season — the Golden State has already seen more than twice as many acres burned as it did last year.

And if there's less precipitation that could mean less snow cover as well - on the short time scales of a year or two while the effect is still being felt.

In Hampton Roads, forecasts of rain — such as the occasionally heavy precipitation Wednesday — almost inevitably mean an expectation of flooding.

Although there is as yet no convincing evidence in the observed record of changes in tropical cyclone behaviour, a synthesis of the recent model results indicates that, for the future warmer climate, tropical cyclones will show increased peak wind speed and increased mean and peak precipitation intensities.

For regional climate predictability, the added value of RCMs should come from better resolving the relationship between mean (temperature) trends and key indicators that are supposedly better represented in the high resolution projections utilizing additional local information, such as temperature or precipitation extremes.

-- The term «mineral sequestration» means sequestration of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by capturing carbon dioxide into a permanent mineral, such as the aqueous precipitation of carbonate minerals that results in the storage of carbon dioxide in a mineral form.

July - September Sahel precipitation for each five years (five - year running means), as a proportion of the 1901 - 2000 observed mean.

Snowpack is melting earlier as winter and spring temperatures rise, and in most states an increasing percentage of winter precipitation is falling as rain, meaning there is often less snowpack to begin with.

But the forecast also indicates temperatures will be warmer than normal, which could mean most of that precipitation falls as rain, not snow.

In the model used by Groisman et al. (1999), the mean total precipitation is also proportional to the shape and scale parameters of the gamma distribution as well as to the probability of precipitation on any given day.

Figure 3 shows Sahel precipitation trends from Held et al., expressed as July - September proportional amounts relative to the 1901 - 2000 observed mean.

a Ensemble - mean of scaled - interannual regressions of winter SLP (contours) and SAT (color shading) anomalies upon the normalized leading PC of winter SLP anomalies during 1920 — 2012; b SLP and SAT trend regressions upon the normalized leading PC of winter SLP 30 - year trends based on 2016 — 2045; c as in (a) but for precipitation in place of SAT; d as in (b) but for precipitation in place of SAT.

The rest of the Northeast and New England, in a typical El Niño winter, have equal chances of seeing above - or below - normal precipitation and temperature, meaning they are not affected by El Niño as much as other locations across the country.

Daily mean NCEP / NCAR reanalysis data are used as atmospheric forcing, i.e., 10 - m surface winds, 2 - m surface air temperature (SAT), specific humidity, precipitation, evaporation, downwelling longwave radiation, sea level pressure, and cloud fraction.

Global solar irradiance reconstruction [48 — 50] and ice - core based sulfate (SO4) influx in the Northern Hemisphere [51] from volcanic activity (a); mean annual temperature (MAT) reconstructions for the Northern Hemisphere [52], North America [29], and the American Southwest * expressed as anomalies based on 1961 — 1990 temperature averages (b); changes in ENSO - related variability based on El Junco diatom record [41], oxygen isotopes records from Palmyra [42], and the unified ENSO proxy [UEP; 23](c); changes in PDSI variability for the American Southwest (d), and changes in winter precipitation variability as simulated by CESM model ensembles 2 to 5 [43].

All of these characteristics (except for the ocean temperature) have been used in SAR and TAR IPCC (Houghton et al. 1996; 2001) reports for model - data inter-comparison: we considered as tolerable the following intervals for the annual means of the following climate characteristics which encompass corresponding empirical estimates: global SAT 13.1 — 14.1 °C (Jones et al. 1999); area of sea ice in the Northern Hemisphere 6 — 14 mil km2 and in the Southern Hemisphere 6 — 18 mil km2 (Cavalieri et al. 2003); total precipitation rate 2.45 — 3.05 mm / day (Legates 1995); maximum Atlantic northward heat transport 0.5 — 1.5 PW (Ganachaud and Wunsch 2003); maximum of North Atlantic meridional overturning stream function 15 — 25 Sv (Talley et al. 2003), volume averaged ocean temperature 3 — 5 °C (Levitus 1982).

A number of the comments here focus on the amount of annual precipitation as of an increase in mean precipitation means more water will be available to meet human needs.

More precipitation may fall as rain, «so that means more runoff and that makes reservoirs actually more important,» Denning said.

Climate change by 2060 was computed as the difference (air temperature) or ratio (precipitation and solar radiation) of monthly mean climate between the GCM (unforced) control and 2xCO2 simulations at GCM grid boxes coinciding with the crop modelling sites (Figure 13.1 b).

The resulting first EOF mode (middle panels in Fig. 4) shows the same meridional seesaw pattern as the leading EOFs of unfiltered annual mean precipitation and water storage.

If proven correct, the hypothesis could have massive ramifications on global policy — not to mention meteorology — as essentially the hypothesis means that the world's forest play a major role in driving precipitation from the coast into a continent's interior.

We blended surface meteorological observations, remotely sensed (TRMM and NDVI) data, physiographic indices, and regression techniques to produce gridded maps of annual mean precipitation and temperature, as well as parameters for site - specific, daily weather generation for any location in Yemen.

-- First we increase the greenhouse gases — then that causes warming in the atmosphere and oceans — as the oceans warm up, they evaporate more H2O — more moisture in the air means more precipitation (rain, snow)-- the southern hemisphere is essentially lots of water and a really big ice cube in the middle called Antarctica — land ice is different than sea ice — climate models indicated that more snowfall would cause increases in the frozen H2O — climate models indicated that there would be initial increases in sea ice extent — observations confirm the indications and expectations that precipitation is increasing, calving rates are accelerating and sea ice extent is increasing.

This means that precipitation effects are dependent on precipitation frequency as well as annual amount.

In mountain regions that are warming, as most are, a larger fraction of precipitation falls as rain rather than as snow, which means lower stream flows in spring and summer.

Nature paper As a consequence, a 25 % to 100 % increase in extreme dry - to - wet precipitation events is projected, despite only modest changes in mean precipitation.

Pre-TAR AOGCM results held at the DDC were included in a model intercomparison across the four SRES emissions scenarios (B1, B2, A2, and A1FI) of seasonal mean temperature and precipitation change for thirty - two world regions (Ruosteenoja et al., 2003).9 The inter-model range of changes by the end of the 21st century is summarised in Figure 2.6 for the A2 scenario, expressed as rates of change per century.

Variations in tree - ring widths from one year to the next have long been recognized as an important source of chronological and climatic information... The mean width of a ring in any one tree is a function of many variables, including the tree species, its age, the availability of stored nutrients in the tree and surrounding soil, and a host of climatic factors, including temperature, precipitation and availability of sunlight.

Model - average mean local precipitation responses also roughly scale with the global mean temperature response across the emissions scenarios, though not as well as for temperature.

Climate, sometimes understood as the «average weather,» is defined as the measurement of the mean and variability of relevant quantities of certain variables (such as temperature, precipitation or wind) over a period of time, ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.