The French scientific team benefited from data from NASA's twin Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites, launched in 2002, that
measure ocean mass and water storage variations on land.
Not exact matches
GA maps the land
masses below the
ocean's surface through basic geological work and seismic and bathymetric analysis (
measuring water depth at various places in a body of water) to better define and legally extend Australia's continental shelf for a submission to the United Nations under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.
So the researchers used monthly data from the satellite mission GRACE, or the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, which
measures components in the Earth's
mass system such as
ocean currents, earthquake - induced changes and melting ice.
Sea level change based on satellite altimetry is
measured with respect to the Earth's centre of
mass, and thus is not distorted by land motions, except for a small component due to large - scale deformation of
ocean basins from GIA.
Changes in
ocean color — a
measure of phytoplankton
mass — detected from space allowed researchers to calculate their photosynthetic rates and correlate these changes to the climate.
Cazenave, A., D. P. Chambers, P. Cipollini, L. L. Fu, J. W. Hurell, M. Merrifield, R. S. Nerem, H. P. Plag, C. K. Shum, and J. Willis, 2010: The challenge of
measuring sea level rise and regional and global trends, Geodetic observations of
ocean surface topography,
ocean currents,
ocean mass, and
ocean volume changes.
Temperatures
measured by the ARGO floats and the XBTs before them are rising in the raw data, and the
ocean heat content (OHC) is simply observed temperature change scaled by the thermal
mass of the
ocean layer in question - not some kind of complex model.
MD wave fades moving deeper into SH due to lack of land
mass & land impediment to antarctic circumpolar (southern
ocean) flow --(need midlatitude zonal land - sea contrast for meridional deflection of westerlies = differential land - sea equator - pole column - integrated - temperature gradient response to solar forcing, easily
measured using a simple wavelet tachometer, which detects externally governed universal constraint)
To conduct the research, a team of scientists led by John Fasullo of the US National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, combined data from three sources: NASA's GRACE satellites, which make detailed measurements of Earth's gravitational field, enabling scientists to monitor changes in the
mass of continents; the Argo global array of 3,000 free - drifting floats, which
measure the temperature and salinity of the upper layers of the
oceans; and satellite - based altimeters that are continuously calibrated against a network of tide gauges.
This SCIENCE begins with noticing that it is kinetic energy (KE) that is not involved directly within the processes of Turbulence that can be
measured as a Temperature of the
mass being affected by turbulence, be it within the
Ocean and / or the Atmosphere.
5) Contradictions due to limitations of technology (e.g., trying to
measure sea level rise in mm when the
ocean surface is never still or
measure Antarctic ice
mass in a region with constantly changing surfaces due to snowfall and rising and falling regions).
Both of the Nature Climate Change studies used a combination of direct measurements of temperature at various depths, a measurement of the altitude of the top of the
ocean (sea level) from highly accurate satellite instruments, and
measures of the
mass of the water in the
ocean, from the GRAIL gravity research project.
As explained in the press release, the scientists began with the
measure of sea level rise between 2005 and 2013, then deducted the amount of rise due to meltwater (e.g., melting ice sheets and loss of glacier
mass worldwide) and then the amount of rise due to the expansion of water from the warming in the upper portion of the world's
oceans (which scientists have good data on).
When
measured over the open
oceans or throughout most of the 96 % non-urbanized land
masses of the earth, its around 350 ppm.
To ascertain with confidence the extent to which deep water production impacts the
ocean's meridional circulation and hence the
ocean's contributions to the global poleward heat flux, continuous
measures of trans - basin
mass and heat transports are needed.
There are many different radionuclides that scientists use as «clocks» to
measure how fast the
ocean mixes different water
masses and sediment accumulates on the seafloor.